{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:25:30Z","timestamp":1786123530920,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52173059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52173059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Small\u2010sized high\u2010entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for applications in energy and catalysis, owing to their tunable composition, multi\u2010element synergistic effects, and exceptional structural stability. Nevertheless, achieving controlled synthesis of uniformly small HEA NPs remains challenging, as the high temperatures required for solid\u2010solution formation inevitably induce particle sintering. Herein, a spatial confinement strategy combined with rapid microwave heating is developed to synthesize ultrasmall PtRuFeCoNi HEA NPs (sub\u20105\u00a0nm) embedded in hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers (PtRuFeCoNi\u2010PCNFs). The spatial confinement effect, attributed to the micro\u2010, meso\u2010, and macropores of the PCNFs, is crucial for the high dispersion of HEA NPs, while also enhancing the exposure of active sites and accelerating mass transport during electrochemical processes. PtRuFeCoNi\u2010PCNFs exhibit superior trifunctional electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with an ORR half\u2010wave potential of 0.837\u00a0V, and low overpotentials of 270 and 13\u00a0mV at 10\u00a0mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    for OER and HER, respectively. When applied in Zn\u2010air batteries and water splitting electrolyzers, PtRuFeCoNi\u2010PCNFs achieve high efficiency and outstanding durability. This study provides a novel perspective on designing and synthesizing high\u2010performance HEA NPs for energy and catalytic applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:47:58Z","timestamp":1780901278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microwave\u2010Driven Confinement Engineering of PtRuFeCoNi High\u2010Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles Within Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanofibers for High\u2010Performance Trifunctional Electrocatalysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Textile and Clothing Engineering Soochow University  Suzhou P. R. 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