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Depending on pulse intensity and duration, electroporation operates in two distinct modes: reversible electroporation (RE), which transiently permeabilizes the plasma membrane to enable delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules while preserving cell viability, and irreversible electroporation (IRE), which causes permanent membrane damage for non\u2010thermal tissue ablation. Increasingly, the therapeutic scope of electroporation is being expanded through integration with biomaterials, including nanocarriers, hydrogels, soft conductors, and micro\/nanoengineered bioelectronic interfaces. These material\u2010assisted strategies improve cargo protection, field confinement, local retention, tissue conformity, and spatiotemporal control, thereby extending electroporation beyond conventional transfection toward gene editing, engineered cell manufacturing, electrochemotherapy, tumor ablation, immune modulation, and transdermal or localized delivery. In this Review, we summarize the biophysical principles of RE and IRE, discuss how biomaterials reshape electroporation performance across therapeutic settings, compare the design logic of major biomaterial\u2010assisted electroporation platforms, and highlight key translational challenges, including pulse\u2010material compatibility, manufacturing scalability, in vivo dosimetry, and regulatory complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T07:27:59Z","timestamp":1782286079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomaterial\u2010Integrated Electroporation for Therapeutic Delivery: From Gene Editing to Tumor Ablation and Immune Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai P. 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