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However, translating molecular interventions into robust macroscopic functions requires overcoming distinct microbial\u2010specific barriers, including delivery bottlenecks and genetic stability. In this review, we establish a unified Edit\u2010Reprogram\u2010Functionalize conceptual framework that systematically delineates transient genetic regulation from permanent genomic engineering. We critically examine the evolutionary trajectories of five foundational technologies: plasmid engineering, CRISPR\u2010Cas systems, base editors, prime editors, and enzyme engineering. Rather than analyzing these toolsets in isolation, we map their convergence into an integrated engineering continuum that drives the precise synthesis of two distinct output classes: engineered living microbial materials and robust microbial metabolite\u2010derived materials. 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