{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1786123405380,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1104800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1104800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Controllable yet accessible fabrication of biomimetic perfusable network structures remains a key bottleneck for translational tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Although additive manufacturing can achieve micrometer\u2010scale resolution, its reliance on expensive equipment, limited material compatibility, multi\u2010step post\u2010processing, and low throughput restricts widespread adoption in conventional laboratories. Viscous fingering (VF) is a highly advantageous fabrication technique with low\u2010shear and self\u2010organizing characteristics. However, conventional VF is highly sensitive to fluid parameters, readily generating stochastic geometric morphologies and thus hindering controllable fabrication. Here, we introduce a lift\u2010up viscous fingering (LVF) strategy that employs a yield\u2010stress (Bingham) fluid as a reversible template to generate controllable VF patterns within a confined Hele\u2013Shaw cavity. Through a closed\u2010loop five\u2010step process (\u201clifting\u2013demolding\u2013crosslinking\u2013bonding\u2013perfusion\u201d), using our self\u2010built system, perfusable channel networks with characteristic dimensions of 200\u20132000\u00a0\u00b5m can be rapidly fabricated at extremely low material cost, without cleanroom facilities, lithographic processes, or additive manufacturing equipment. The resulting networks support immediate gravity\u2010driven perfusion, demonstrated with anticoagulated rabbit blood, with preserved blood cell morphology and no observable flow blockage. By lowering technical, cost, and infrastructure barriers while enabling controllable and reproducible fabrication of branched perfusion networks, LVF provides a scalable and laboratory\u2010friendly manufacturing route for microfluidic and vascular\u2010mimetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T04:49:54Z","timestamp":1783313394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid Fabrication of Biomimetic Perfusable Structures via Lift\u2010Up Viscous Fingering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Huayi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2947-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingji","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald X","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"},{"name":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology  Suzhou Jiangsu P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201045781\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201910811"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u2010605X\/ac6b06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201016830\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snr.2024.100277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8353674"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu5905","article-title":"3D bioprinting of Collagen\u2010Based High\u2010Resolution.Pdf","volume":"11","author":"Daniel J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c07776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC01125A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enabling Fast Microfluidic Chips Fabrication: A Practical Guideline for Microfluidics Design and Fabrication Using Photolithography for Fast Prototyping","volume":"11","author":"Zhang Z.","journal-title":"Journal of Micromanufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00287B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201802368"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00234F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2024.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010020\u20100566\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c01062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0163970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC00496E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339\u2010015\u20109438\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521\u20103773(19980316)37:5<550::AID\u2010ANIE550>3.0.CO;2\u2010G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201011939\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008\u2010022\u201001030\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.05.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008\u2010023\u201001236\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2022.117499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043082\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.4.094003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00710K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202303196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010021\u201000533\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758\u20105090\/aaa900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2023.03.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00394G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202300069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v8i4.619"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.74442","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.74442","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.74442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:16:31Z","timestamp":1786115791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.74442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"43","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.74442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.74442","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74442"}}