{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:46:10Z","timestamp":1792082770019,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"48","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transdermal drug delivery and sensing provide non\u2010invasive routes for localized therapy and biomarker detection. Microneedles (MNs) enable pain\u2010free access to subdermal layers; however, variations in skin thickness and stiffness across anatomical sites demand precise control over MN geometry. This study presents a machine learning\u2010guided approach for predictive fabrication of MNs using near\u2010infrared (NIR, 1064\u00a0nm) laser processing of duralumin. Laser power, repetition, and computer\u2010aided design (CAD) dimensions are systematically mapped, and a data\u2010driven model is trained to predict MN height and tip radius with high accuracy. Using this framework, application\u2010specific MN geometries are selected prior to fabrication, reducing empirical trial\u2010and\u2010error. For example, a target MN height of 524\u00a0\u00b5m for the female chin is predicted with a 1.24% deviation from experimental measurements. The predictive metal masters are subsequently translated into polymer MNs, demonstrating reliable replication and geometric fidelity. To illustrate functional relevance, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) MNs incorporating a near\u2010infrared\u2013responsive dye are fabricated and integrated with a flexible micro\u2013light\u2010emitting diode (LED) platform, enabling localized photothermal heating. This work establishes an end\u2010to\u2010end, data\u2010driven pipeline linking laser parameters to functional MN devices, offering a scalable strategy for application\u2010specific MN design across transdermal drug delivery, sensing, and bioelectronic interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:13:05Z","timestamp":1784200385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine Learning\u2010Guided Near\u2010Infrared Laser Processing for Precise Geometry Control in Microneedles with Downstream microLED\u2010Triggered Photothermal Functionality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ismail","family":"E\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering Old Road Campus Research Building University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Ankara University  Ankara Turkiye"},{"name":"Integrated Technologies Application and Research Center (B\u00dcTAM) Ankara University  Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burak M.","family":"Gormus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Ayas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton  Southampton United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton  Southampton United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering Old Road Campus Research Building University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201045158\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3BM00409K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355211039073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tjps.TJPS_2_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2021.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12247\u2010021\u201009586\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544\u2010019\u20100462\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0008983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2024.104472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106439\/ad5dc7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2023.118268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202501560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202510372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Recent Trends in Processing and Degradation of Aluminium Alloys","author":"Razavi R. 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