{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T01:28:39Z","timestamp":1793582919009,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023R1A2C2008021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C2008021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000459908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000459908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201016063568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201016063568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102026\u201025529076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102026\u201025529076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We report a multifunctional interface\u2010engineering strategy in which carbon\u2010encapsulated iron nanoparticles (Fe@C\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs) are blended into poly(3,4\u2010ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) to co\u2010optimize energetics, charge transport, and optical field confinement. Organic\u2010inorganic hybrid optoelectronic interfaces suffer from energetic misalignment and charge transport limitations. This study addresses these challenges through carbon\u2010encapsulated iron nanoparticles (Fe@Cx NPs) derived from carbon nanotube synthesis byproducts, which modulate the work function of poly(3,4\u2010ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) from 5.03 to 5.24\u00a0eV via \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 electronic coupling, representing a 0.21\u00a0eV improvement, with optimized energy level alignment of the highest occupied molecular orbital. When the concentration of incorporated iron nanoparticles is optimal at 2.5 v%, the dark current of the devices reduces by 87% from 2.12 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 2.71 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    A\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and a 53% decrease in defect\u2010state energy from 2.31 to 1.08 meV. Under self\u2010powered conditions (0\u00a0V), the responsivity increases by 13% from 0.38 to 0.43 A\/W, whereas shot\u2010noise\u2010limited detectivity improves 3.2\u2010fold from 4.65 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 1.49 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    Jones. Frequency response analysis demonstrates a 6.6\u2010dB signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio enhancement from 59.3 to 65.9\u00a0dB with stable operation beyond 300\u00a0kHz. This synergistic electronic\u2010plus\u2010plasmonic approach provides a scalable route to the development of high\u2010performance optoelectronic devices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:44:06Z","timestamp":1786031046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u03c0\u2013\u03c0 Electronic Coupling and Gap\u2010Plasmonic Enhancement via Fe@C\n                    <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    Nanoparticles: Synergistic Hole\u2010Transport Engineering for High\u2010Responsivity Perovskite Photodetectors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Gi","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering School of Basic Sciences Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiye","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Engineering Department of Nano Science and Technology Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"SKKU Global Research Center (SGRC) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihyun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woongsik","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4220-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Engineering Department of Nano Science and Technology Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"SKKU Global Research Center (SGRC) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hwan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2021.106298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201019612\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202301964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2025.3541929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202418614"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC01323H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5b00164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14020175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.158499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010021\u201000334\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c01663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b04425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201080640\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00548J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c04767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja204383q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TB21599G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.8b01794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssc.200982975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm00021k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201701003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC03158B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4DT00131A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202401681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC02074C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12162869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202311578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b10306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c02949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201030207\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp110545t"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11113119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c05552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b02737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp107386x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c06407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.3c00873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4697"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/450183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2002.8239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4985669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201021946\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.11.044005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202001417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17092183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.169716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202302032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102022\u20100660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC02678D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.81.155315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b05840"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC00080F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2542649"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"Study on High Signal\u2010to\u2010Noise Ratio (SNR) Silicon p\u2010n Junction Photodetector","volume":"36","author":"Fu X.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optica Applicata"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.7.045002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2012.2217488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202200016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/am.2014.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c04434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15163453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0147018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201079727\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400703"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c00491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1751\u20108113\/41\/16\/164013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202002808"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14131146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5142313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202504468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4037770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201053210\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2023.106800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202405820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b02757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.1c08816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.5.125408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202412015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2025.03.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2024.08.033"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.74645","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.74645","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.74645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T01:13:31Z","timestamp":1793582011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.74645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"51","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.74645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.74645","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74645"}}