{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:04:41Z","timestamp":1790345081082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"54","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52373274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52373274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52173193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52173193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Driven by the rapid development of portable and miniaturized electronics, flexible polymer\u2010based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have attracted significant attention for stable energy harvesting and self\u2010powered sensing. However, developing materials that simultaneously combine high elasticity with superior piezoelectric output remains fundamentally challenging, owing to the intrinsic trade\u2010off between mechanical compliance and electromechanical coupling. Herein, we demonstrated a sandwich\u2010structured piezoelectric elastomer (STPPE) featuring a porous thermoset polyurethane (TSPU)\/P(VDF\u2010TrFE)\/PZT core (TPP) and solid TSPU\/P(VDF\u2010TrFE) skin layers through a combined approach of physical foaming and laminated structural engineering. By tuning the foaming agent content and curing temperature, the porous morphology can be effectively modulated to optimize the porosity, electroactive phase (\u03b2\u2010phase) content, and mechanical properties. The STPPE exhibited a substantially enhanced piezoelectric performance, achieving a\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>oc<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    of 62.1 V, a\n                    <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                    of 11.6 nC, a sensitivity of 3.82 V\u00b7kPa\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    under 13 N. At 100 N, the output surged to 80.1 V and 44.7 nC, respectively. A power density of 2.6 \u00b5W\u00b7cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    was achieved, alongside a highly stable electrical output over 10\u00a0000 cycles, demonstrating the promising potential for practical applications. This work presents a robust strategy for fabricating high\u2010performance, lightweight, and elastic piezoelectric composites for next\u2010generation wearable electronics and self\u2010powered sensors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:17:43Z","timestamp":1784888263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Sandwich\u2010Structured Piezoelectric Elastomer Containing a Porous Core Layer for Improving Output Performance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hancong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beihang University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhefeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beihang University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beihang University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Laboratory  Suzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beihang University  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropic Ocean Engineering Materials and Materials Evaluation Beihang University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202509387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2022.109408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2023.101124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202511256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202513068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmate.2025.100373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2024.115473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2023.110127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202512004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202508878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.110940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202500172"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2023.110429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2025.111232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b21201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MH00097B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-025-11872-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42341-025-00600-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ac34c3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2017.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.03.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0550-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2026.101259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202418425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.141136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.110847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c11321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl202208n"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2025.128286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.4c01584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2023.04.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2024.102509"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.109252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20240371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c11843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107921"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202514418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03325-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201602624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.111288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.49818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.159836"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c09065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c12874"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202000517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.130623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-015-1398-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202502708"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.74815","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.74815","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.74815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:49:37Z","timestamp":1790344177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.74815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"54","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.74815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.74815","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74815"}}