{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:05:08Z","timestamp":1790345108532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"54","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52374307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52374307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52022054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52022054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52204317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52334009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52334009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2906100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2906100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24ZR1424700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZR1424700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Metal vacancies in MXene catalysts are beneficial for modulating electronic structures and enhancing metal\u2010support interactions for single\u2010atom (SA) immobilization, but controlling their concentration and understanding their synergy with SAs remains challenging. Here, we develop a two\u2010step electrochemical etching strategy in a deep eutectic solvent to create tunable Ti vacancies within MXene (Ti\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3\u2010<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and confine Pt single atoms (Pt\n                    <jats:sub>SA<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ti\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3\u2010<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    T\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The vacancy concentration is precisely controlled, and the dynamic etching\u2010deposition process prevents Pt SAs aggregation. The resulting catalyst with only Pt content of 0.57 wt.% exhibits excellent alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance: an overpotential of 31\u00a0mV at 10\u00a0mA\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , a turnover frequency of 12.22\u00a0H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and a mass activity of 11.95\u00a0A\u00a0mg\n                    <jats:sub>Pt<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 100\u00a0mV, outperforming commercial Pt\/C. The coexistence of Pt SAs and adjacent Ti vacancies synergistically tunes the local electronic structure of Pt sites and modulates metal\u2010support bonding, lowering the water dissociation barrier and optimizing hydrogen adsorption energy to boost alkaline HER. This work offers a controllable strategy for engineering metal vacancies in MXenes for efficient single\u2010atom catalysts and establishes a platform for investigating vacancy\u2010SA synergistic mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:11:18Z","timestamp":1785319878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrochemical Etching Engineering Toward Ti Vacancy\u2010Confined Pt Single\u2010Atom MXene Catalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractories &amp; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 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