{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:04:29Z","timestamp":1790345069734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"54","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Epidermal electrodes are essential for wearable bioelectronics in health monitoring and rehabilitation. However, current options are limited: adhesives irritate skin, hydrogels dry out, ultrathin films cannot deliver high currents, and sharp microstructures concentrate current, risking burns. Achieving repeatable gel\u2010mediated adhesion with uniform current distribution on curved, moving skin remains a major challenge. In this study, we present biomimetic electrodes using carbon nanotube\u2010silicone elastomer (CNT\u2010elastomer) composites patterned with octopus\u2010inspired suction units and polyethylenimine (PEIE)\u2010induced microwrinkles. With an interfacing electrolyte gel, these electrodes achieve strong, repeatable skin adhesion of up to 77\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05 J m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the normal direction and maintain performance over 100 reapplication cycles. Charge\u2010transfer resistance across the skin is reduced by 20\u2010fold, establishing low\u2010impedance interfaces. The electrodes record electrophysiological signals with clinical\u2010grade fidelity and deliver surface functional electrical stimulation with 50% higher efficiency in large muscle groups. Manufactured through facile fabrication methods of mold casting and leaving no skin residue, the electrodes exhibit skin\u2010matching mechanical compliance and efficient charge transfer, advancing comfortable and durable bioelectronic interfaces for rehabilitation, assistive neurotechnology, and next\u2010generation healthcare devices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:19:05Z","timestamp":1785320345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomimetic and Gel\u2010Mediated Tissue Adhesive Structures for Skin Conformal and Multifunctional Bioelectronics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Xi Mary","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The KITE Research Institute Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehal","family":"Kushalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1815-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"DiNunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos R.","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4822-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani E.","family":"Naguib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The KITE Research Institute Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010024\u201000194\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2013.778228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202111022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202502831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.671767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201907184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ta02716k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2025.106256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. 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