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Drawing upon the biological principle whereby skeletal muscles undergo structural remodeling and functional enhancement under sustained mechanical loading, trainable hydrogels have emerged as a cutting\u2010edge class of biomimetic smart materials. Such materials undergo dynamic structural evolution in response to external stimuli and retain long\u2010lived memory of mechanical, responsive, and functional traits. This review systematically catalogues the core training methodologies for trainable hydrogels, encompassing mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, and chemical regimes (including pH, ionic, and solvent\u2010exchange treatments), alongside multi\u2010modal synergistic training protocols and post\u2010training stabilization strategies. Key advances in performance modulation, fundamental structure\u2013property correlations and standardized characterization workflows are elaborated, with a comprehensive overview of their deployment across soft robotics, biomedicine, wearable health monitoring, human\u2013machine interfaces and additive manufacturing. Whilst significant progress has been achieved within this research field, critical challenges persist, including scalable manufacturing, unresolved multi\u2010stimulus coupling mechanisms and inadequate long\u2010term operational stability. Prospective research avenues center on precise multi\u2010physics modulation, in situ characterization, machine learning\u2010assisted rational material design and unified integrated printing\u2013training fabrication workflows, which will underpin the development of next\u2010generation adaptive intelligent hydrogel platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:05:32Z","timestamp":1786525532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trainable Hydrogels: Mechanistic Principles, Training Strategies, and Frontier Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shiyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health &amp; Medicine Dezhou University  Dezhou 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