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To address these challenges, we designed a tungsten\u2011doped polydopamine nanoparticle (W\u2010PDA NPs). The near\u2010infrared (NIR) optical absorption and enzymatic properties of W\u2010PDA were tuned by adjusting the ratio of W\n                    <jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup>\n                    to PDA. It was found that the W\u2010PDA NPs contain a mixture of W\n                    <jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and W\n                    <jats:sup>5+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which generated large amounts of free electrons, thus conferring both second near\u2010infrared (NIR\u2010II) light absorption capability and superoxide dismutase (SOD)\u2010 and catalase (CAT)\u2010like activities. Plaque\u2010targeting was conferred by appending an anti\u2010osteopontin antibody via coordination between carboxyl moieties of the antibody with W\n                    <jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions on the W\u2010PDA surface. The NIR\u2010II light absorption ability can be utilized for photoacoustic diagnosis of AS, while the SOD\u2010 and CAT\u2010like activities facilitate the conversion of superoxide into H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and subsequently O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , thereby clearing reactive oxygen species and mitigating inflammation, enabling therapy of AS. Thus, the proposed theranostic agent not only can dynamically report the progression of AS but also can effectively treat AS plaques. This strategy holds broad application prospects in the early and accurate diagnosis and treatment of AS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:21:54Z","timestamp":1785921714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulating the Optical and Enzymatic Properties of Polydopamine via Valence Engineering of Tungsten Affording NIR\u2010II Photoacoustic Imaging and Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yanni","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), University Engineering Research Center for Chemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources (Guangxi) Guangxi Normal University  Guilin China"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi Minzu University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), University Engineering Research Center for Chemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources (Guangxi) Guangxi Normal University  Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), University Engineering Research Center for Chemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources (Guangxi) Guangxi Normal University  Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), University Engineering Research Center for Chemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources (Guangxi) Guangxi Normal University  Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuecai","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi Minzu University  Nanning 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