{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:55:25Z","timestamp":1791564925964,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014573","name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011183","name":"Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017130","name":"Ji Hua Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X210141TL210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X210141TL210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The rapid rise of M\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (M = Nb, Ta) MXenes with a single type of selenium termination has brought new opportunities due to their layered nature and van der Waals interlayer coupling. However, their solid solutions remain unclear. Here, we report the molten salt synthesis and characterization of (Nb\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    Ta\n                    <jats:sub>1\u2212x<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    solid solutions at the M\u2010site. With the assistance of molten salts acting as a liquid medium for both the reaction bed and mass transport, continuous solid solutions with a well\u2010defined hexagonal shape can be synthesized from elemental powders. As evidenced by electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, Nb and Ta at the M\u2010site are distributed randomly in the substitutional solid solutions. The solid solutions exhibit a metal\u2010like behavior. The Nb\/Ta composition dependence of both electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient shows a \u201cW\u201d shape. Intriguingly, the composition dependence of lattice parameter\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    also follows the same shape. In the whole Nb\/Ta composition range, the work functions can be tuned from 5.10\u00a0eV (Nb\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to 5.35\u00a0eV (Ta\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). The friction coefficients are approximately 0.2, indicating van der Waals interlayer coupling in the solid solutions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:48:52Z","timestamp":1786384132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Van der Waals Substitutional Solid Solutions of (Nb\n                    <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    Ta\n                    <sub>1\u2212x<\/sub>\n                    )\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    CSe\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    at the M\u2010Site"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Junchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renfei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Devices School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenlin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Electron Microscopy South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ji Hua Laboratory  Foshan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou National Laboratory  Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf1581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh4380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009699\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add5901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009649\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/jac.2025.9221049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103393"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b05240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.8b02890"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4cp05666c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add9204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0cc03282d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202100206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2023.102860"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c09903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.4c00387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202406499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009498\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/jac.2024.9220847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40145\u2010022\u20100573\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2022.118313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c07395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2025.116419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.110513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/s0567739476001551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cc04350g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3679068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tc06045g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.12.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/jac.2024.9221008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.184305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1cp03070a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929\u2010018\u20100067\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b12053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202205524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c08124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp412236u"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c04564"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/jac.2024.9220862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507105103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u2010648X\/ab00a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2421"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202000815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","d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