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Consequently, frequent oral exposure to carbon nanoparticles makes the intestine one of the primary targets of nanoparticle\u2010induced toxicity. However, a systematic framework for evaluating nanoparticle\u2010induced intestinal injury is still lacking. Here, we propose spatially patterned effects (SPE) as a comprehensive framework to describe ordered and compartment\u2010specific biological responses following oral nanoparticle exposure. Our study demonstrates that exposure to single\u2010walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or graphene oxide (GO) triggers a spatially ordered cascade of nano\u2010mucus, nano\u2010epithelial, nano\u2010microbiota, and nano\u2010immune interactions across distinct intestinal compartments. Both SWCNTs and GO directly disrupt mucus barrier integrity by interacting with mucin 2 (MUC2), which subsequently impairs epithelial homeostasis and thereby promotes bacterial translocation. These alterations are further accompanied by gut microbial dysbiosis, broad microbiota\u2010associated metabolic remodeling, and activation of intestinal inflammatory responses. Collectively, the SPE framework provides a systematic perspective for understanding nano\u2010intestine interactions and may facilitate the development of safer nanoparticles and more rational nanomedicine strategies for intestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:49:01Z","timestamp":1786380541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Evaluation Framework of Spatially Patterned Effects of Carbon Nanoparticles on the Intestine of Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1811-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety &amp; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multi\u2010Disciplinary Research Division Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5173-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety &amp; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multi\u2010Disciplinary Research Division Institute of 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