{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:31:52Z","timestamp":1786383112895,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102022\u2010NR068161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102022\u2010NR068161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers an effective and minimally invasive approach to cancer treatment; however, its efficacy is intrinsically constrained by limited light penetration, which fails to target deep tumor tissues, and treatment\u2010induced hypoxia arising from the reduction in intratumoral oxygen levels. Here, we report an injectable optoelectronic probe integrating microscale light\u2010emitting diodes (microLEDs) to enable low\u2010frequency metronomic PDT (mPDT), together with a microLED\u2013photodetector system for real\u2010time, in situ oxygen monitoring. We engineered light\u2010activatable prodrug nanoparticles (PNPs) composed of verteporfin (VPF), a cathepsin B\u2013cleavable peptide (FRRG), and doxorubicin (DOX). The self\u2010assembled VPF\u2013FRRG\u2013DOX prodrug forms stable nanoparticles via \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking, remaining inactive under physiological conditions but releasing and activating VPF and DOX in cathepsin B\u2010overexpressing cancer cells during mPDT. In colon tumor\u2013bearing mice, PNPs showed high tumor accumulation via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, while the microLED\u2013photodetector probe monitored intratumoral in situ oxygen dynamics. Periodic oxygen depletion and recovery at 0.1\u00a0Hz for 1.5\u00a0h significantly improved therapeutic efficacy (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0047) compared with continuous PDT. Collectively, oxygen\u2010guided mPDT combined with light\u2010activatable PNPs provides a minimally invasive strategy for synergistic chemo\u2010photodynamic therapy of deep tumors, with favorable systemic and local biocompatibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:12:33Z","timestamp":1786381953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Injectable Optoelectronic Probe With In Situ Photoactivation and ROS Monitoring for Oxygen\u2010Dependent Metronomic Photodynamic Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jagyeong","family":"Goo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2445-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyan Raj","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1381-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanhee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Woman's University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Noxpharm Co., LTD.  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Ik","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Woman's University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Su","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU\u2010KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongrae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU\u2010KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyoun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5191-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won\u2010Gun","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-4220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae\u2010il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1193-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwangmeyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Woman's University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Innovative Biomaterials Convergence Ewha Womans University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010025\u201002140\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571\u2010020\u20100410\u20102"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: An Update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.54227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427\u2010021\u201000303\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.67300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/58\/11\/R37"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2024.100652"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010023\u201001332\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44384\u2010025\u201000012\u2010x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy Dosimetry: Current Status and the Emerging Challenge of Immune Stimulation","volume":"30","author":"Wilson B. 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