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Our recent work established that indium phosphide\/zinc sulfide (InP\/ZnS) QDs induced retinal degeneration in zebrafish larvae via uptake by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, the long\u2010term consequences of developmental exposure remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the persistent ocular toxicity in adult zebrafish following early\u2010life (0\u201372 hpf) InP\/ZnS QDs (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1\u00a0mg\/L) exposure. The results showed that early\u2010life exposure to InP\/ZnS QDs caused photoreceptor loss and opsin downregulation, accompanied by reduced eye\u2010to\u2010body ratios in adult zebrafish (3 mpf). Mechanistically, TUNEL and immunofluorescence confirmed that InP\/ZnS QDs induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress\u2010mediated protein misfolding and photoreceptor apoptosis in 3 mpf zebrafish retinas and a mouse photoreceptor cell line. Moreover, TUDCA, an ER stress inhibitor, partially rescued the reduction in zebrafish ocular axial length and attenuated apoptosis in 661\u00a0W cells. In summary, this work identifies InP\/ZnS QDs as potent developmental ocular toxicants that trigger ER stress\u2010induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis following early\u2010life exposure, and underscores the urgent need for nanomaterial\u2010specific biosafety guidelines to mitigate delayed\u2010onset visual impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:45:11Z","timestamp":1786380311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early\u2010Life Exposure to InP\/ZnS QDs Triggers Photoreceptor Apoptosis via ER Stress in Zebrafish: Implications for Nanomaterial\u2010Induced Retinal Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Naying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences Department of Ophthalmology in Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen University  Xiamen Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences Department of Ophthalmology in Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen University  Xiamen Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences Department of Ophthalmology in Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen University  Xiamen Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress 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