{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:21:35Z","timestamp":1787649695145,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3204600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3204600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Human skin perceives both the magnitude and direction of mechanical stimuli, an essential capability for dexterous interaction yet fully unrealized in humanoid robotics. Here we introduce a metallic nanocrack\u2010based electronic skin (Crack\u2010eSkin), a strain vector perceptron that encodes the complete strain vector through the algorithmic geometry of nanocracks in the 50 nm thick gold film. When mechanically stretched, orthogonal cracks open differentially depending on orientation, producing distinct signals that simultaneously encode both strain magnitude and direction as a two\u2010dimensional resistive fingerprint. This mechanism transforms mechanical stretch into an ultra\u2010sensitive (gauge factor: 3609) material\u2010level response that preserves both parameters at their source. Feeding encoded signal sequences into the developed geometry\u2010aware multitask temporal network (RMT\u2010Net) enables the joint prediction of strain magnitude and loading angle, achieving R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    values of 0.982 for strain and 0.985 for angle. Installed onto an artificial face model, the Crack\u2010eSkin can quantitatively resolve sequential strain vectors of 2.60% at 87.4\u00b0, 1.84% at 7.7\u00b0, and 3.20% at 45.2\u00b0 that human subjects could only describe qualitatively, paving the way for next\u2010generation robotic systems with human\u2010like or superior mechanosensation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:48:21Z","timestamp":1787647701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanocrack Encoded Electronic Skin for Vectorial Strain Sensing"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xinran","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7614-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/ Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5789-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High\u2010performance Precision Manufacturing Dalian University of Technology  Dalian Liaoning China"},{"name":"Key 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