{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T09:26:16Z","timestamp":1793611576210,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"61","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP240101309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP240101309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The van der Waals materials have emerged as promising candidates for infrared (IR) photodetectors. Among these, black phosphorus (BP)\/ molybdenum disulphide (MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) photodiodes have shown high specific detectivity at room\u2010temperature. The signal\u2010to\u2010noise performance of such detectors can be further improved by employing a microlens to increase the total photon collection without changing the device size, and hence its noise current. In this study, we explore the direct integration of refractive microlenses on BP\/MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    photodiodes, designed for operation at a wavelength of \u03bb = 1.55\u00a0\u00b5m. The device's photoresponse is enhanced by up to 20\u00d7 after microlens fabrication, enabling a detectivity of 1.83\u00a0\u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    cmHz\n                    <jats:sup>1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n                    W\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    under zero\u2010bias at room\u2010temperature. Infrared imaging is achieved by integrating the device into a single\u2010pixel imaging set\u2010up. This enables a 255 \u00d7 192\u2010pixel image to be resolved from the transmission of a binary mask placed in front of a \u03bb = 1.55\u00a0\u00b5m light source. These results demonstrate that direct integration of refractive microlenses with van der Waals photodiodes provides a simple and scalable route to enhance detectivity at room\u2010temperature, enabling practical near\u2010infrared computational imaging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:09:48Z","timestamp":1787584188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integration of Refractive Microlenses on BP\/MoS\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Photodiodes for Enhanced Infrared Photodetection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1598-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varsha Ashwin","family":"Vedaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1130-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Saleh Mousavi","family":"Khaleghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Physics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta\u2010Optical System (TMOS) University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2500-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Philpott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0469-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscience Lab School of Chemistry University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6021-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Corletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth B.","family":"Crozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Physics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta\u2010Optical System (TMOS) University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7903-9642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003701\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c04027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201040602\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201001978\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0239-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202200137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b08758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664\u2010014\u20103054\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2023.104801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.Intermite R.Warburton A.McCarthy et\u00a0al. \u201cEnhancing the Fill\u2010Factor of CMOS SPAD Arrays Using Microlens Integration \u201dPhoton Counting Applications9504(SPIE 2015):64\u201375.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2178950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. R.Werner J. A.Cox S.Swanson andM.Holz \u201cMicrolens Array for Staring Infrared Imager \u201dMiniature and Micro\u2010Optics: Fabrication and System Applications1544(SPIE 1991):46\u201357.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.49372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201062433\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.568141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.031586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2024.131104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.388993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2024.3374126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202301952"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202200375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/68.536651"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.422955"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5c02422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c03076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. T.Neal H.Liu J.Gu andP.Ye \u201cMetal Contacts to MoS2: A Two\u2010dimensional Semiconductor \u201d70th Device Research Conference(IEEE 2012):65\u201366 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DRC.2012.6256928.","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2012.6256928"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2161802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Wenus J.Rutkowski andA.Rogalski \u201cAnalysis of VLWIR HgCdTe Photodiode Performance \u201dSolid State Crystals 2002: Crystalline Materials for Optoelectronics5136(SPIE 2003):396\u2013404.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.519764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.19.034007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"SU8 Polymer Materials Used in Integrated Optic Microsystems","volume":"4","author":"M\u00fcller R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials\u2010Rapid Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.9.004564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1024856016030131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202501467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0184847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377\u2010021\u201000694\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3241285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201800832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202316000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44482-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","unstructured":"S. S. M.Khaleghi J.Chen andS.Balendhran \u201cHigh Pixel Resolution Visible to Extended Shortwave Infrared Single Pixel Imaging with a black Phosphorus\u2010Molybdenum Disulfide (bP\u2010MoS2) photodiode \u201darXiv(2025): arXiv:2510.02673."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201702082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph\u20102024\u20100613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.9b00948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38398-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","unstructured":"S.Suckow \u201c2\/3\u2010Diode Fit \u201d nanoHUB (2014) https:\/\/nanohub.org\/resources\/14300\/about."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202301790"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75405","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.75405","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T08:31:25Z","timestamp":1793608285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.75405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"61","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.75405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.75405","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75405"}}