{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:16:38Z","timestamp":1788250598229,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The next generation of bioelectronic interfaces demands materials that integrate biocompatibility, robust electrochemical performance and architectural functionality. Here, we introduce a low\u2010temperature fabrication approach for patterned titanium oxide\u2010coated titanium carbide nanowires (P\u2010TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    @TiC\u2010NWs), utilizing room\u2010temperature sputter deposition, avoiding high\u2010temperature carbide synthesis. TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    @TiC\u2010NWs combine the high\u2010aspect\u2010ratio architecture of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010NWs with the electrochemical performance of TiC, providing a tunable platform for bioelectronic interface design. By tuning sputtering pressure and duration, distinct TiC shell morphologies and compositions were engineered. Low\u2010pressure deposition produced a uniform conductive shell, favoring faster charge dynamics and a more ideal capacitive response, while high\u2010pressure deposition generated a carbon\u2010rich, cauliflower\u2010like morphology that increased electrochemically accessible surface area. TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    @TiC\u2010NWs reached areal capacitances of 1.01 and 2.25 mF cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    for 20 min deposition at 3 and 10 mTorr, respectively, compared with 117 \u00b5F cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 1.35 mF cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    for the corresponding planar TiC films. After 3000 cycles in physiological buffer, the 10 mTorr, 20 min sputtered sample retained 86% capacitance, while the 3 mTorr retained 75%. C2C12 myotubes cultured on P\u2010TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    @TiC\u2010NW substrates exhibited preferential adhesion and directional alignment along the nanowire stripe axis, demonstrating the capacity of nanoscale surface topography to instruct anisotropic cell organization. Together, these features highlight P\u2010TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    @TiC\u2010NWs as promising bioelectronic interfaces.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:45:18Z","timestamp":1788248718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrochemical and Biological Evaluation of Patterned TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    @TiC\u2010Nanowires for Bio\u2010Interface Electrode"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3567-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roaa","family":"Sait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Department of Physics King Abdulaziz University (KAU)  Jeddah Saudi 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