{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:18:32Z","timestamp":1787854712510,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR\u20102101127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR\u20102101127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Organic semiconductors, particularly conjugated polymers, are critical for advancing flexible electronics. Their electrical conductivity is enhanced by increasing carrier concentration through doping by blending small atoms or molecules, which can introduce Coulombic traps and disrupt packing. Here, we elucidate a molecular design principle that leverages dopant energy depth quantified by \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is the difference between appropriate frontier orbital energies of the doped polymer and its counterion, to mitigate disorder and simultaneously improve conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. Using a modified Gaussian disorder model that incorporates carrier screening, we simulate the density of states and validate our findings experimentally with iodine\u2010 and Magic Blue\u2010doped poly(3\u2010hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Our results reveal that deeper dopant frontier energy levels significantly reduce energetic disorder and enhance transport properties when the carrier\u2010counterion separation is small. We identify a saddle\u2010point behavior in conductivity as a function of \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    and show that \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    can significantly boost conductivity when the dopant is located close to the backbone. This work introduces \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a powerful molecular lever for designing high\u2010performance organic semiconductors, offering a new design rule to overcome the long\u2010standing trade\u2010off between conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, thereby increasing thermoelectric efficiency in doped conjugated polymers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:58:52Z","timestamp":1787810332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Integer Charge Transfer: A New Design Rule Linking Dopant Strength and Counterion Separation to Efficient Carrier Transport in Conjugated Polymers"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8536-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamed","family":"Duhand\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Department University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0090-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhayan","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department University of Massachusetts Amherst  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhandapani","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department University of Massachusetts Amherst  Amherst Massachusetts 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