{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:18:58Z","timestamp":1787980738420,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20132025\u201325419387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20132025\u201325419387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004565","name":"Kementerian Pendidikan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201002214408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201002214408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human\u2010machine interfaces demand soft bioelectronic systems capable of acquiring high\u2010fidelity electrophysiological signals while maintaining mechanical compliance comparable to human skin. Here, we report a stretchable and conductive electrode array based on a PEDOT:PSS composite modified with Poloxamer and polar solvents. The synergistic doping strategy enhanced mechanical compliance, reduced impedance, and improved conformability, enabling stable acquisition of diverse electrophysiological biosignals. To realize a practical bioelectronic system, the electrode array was integrated with a custom\u2010designed, low\u2010power biointerface circuit capable of multichannel amplification, filtering, and digitization. The integrated platform enabled real\u2010time classification of hand gestures from 20\u2010channel electromyography recordings with high accuracy. Furthermore, we demonstrate its application as a human\u2013machine interface by enabling calculator control as an augmentative and alternative communication tool. This work lays the technological foundation for next\u2010generation stretchable bioelectronic interfaces, bridging human intent and machine intelligence through seamless, reliable interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:50:16Z","timestamp":1787979016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Stretchable and Biocompatible Electrode Array\u2013Chip System for Real\u2010Time Hand Gesture Classification"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Taekwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Yeong","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center For Color\u2010Modulated Extra\u2010Sensory Perception Technology Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0717-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1991-7129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5284-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoseung","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7291-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suck Won","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering Department of Cogno\u2010Mechatronics Engineering College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung\u2010Yun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunseok","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering Pusan National University  Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201017619\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010022\u201000836\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204852119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax4961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010023\u201000966\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201101775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c02309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b12043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta11726j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5tc00882d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010025\u201000948\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj5389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043664\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Jsen.2022.3165988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Jssc.2003.811979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b08753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b07287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c08862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b01252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058\u20108585\/acc540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/b\u2010fVvR5S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104457"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12111039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.08.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Tim.2015.2433652"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.SetiawidayatandA. Y.Rahman \u201cNew Method for Obtaining Peak Value R and the Duration of each Cycle of Electrocardiogram \u201d in2018 International Conference on Sustainable Information Engineering and Technology (SIET)(IEEE 2018) 77\u201381 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SIET.2018.8693151.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIET.2018.8693151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1714229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010024\u201000175\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2303394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201095973\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042149\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv3359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528\u2010025\u201000380\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.BiswasandP.Langdon \u201cA New Interaction Technique Involving Eye Gaze Tracker and Scanning System \u201d inProceedings of the 2013 conference on eye tracking South Africa(2013) 67\u201370 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2509315.2509322.","DOI":"10.1145\/2509315.2509322"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75510","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.75510","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:50:18Z","timestamp":1787979018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.75510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.75510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.75510","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75510"}}