{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:13:41Z","timestamp":1788423221194,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many biological materials owe their impressive performance to the hierarchical organization of protein subunits across multiple length scales, motivating next generation bio\u2010inspired material design. However, limited understanding of the mechanisms by which proteins self\u2010assemble into higher\u2010order structures hinders our ability to mimic nature. Here, we demonstrate that recombinantly produced Tobacco Mosaic Virus coat proteins (TMVcp) can self\u2010assemble into hierarchically structured macroscopic materials using a lyotropic liquid crystal (LC) as a transient precursor phase. TMVcp helical rods were formed under controlled pH and ionic conditions, then processed into macroscale filamentous structures using a drying droplet technique, which effectively mimics fabrication of biological fibers combining mechanical shear and dehydration. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) of the fluid phase revealed birefringence, indicating liquid crystalline alignment, while polarized confocal Raman spectroscopy confirmed the retention of the native TMVcp folded structure within the assembled filaments. Synchrotron small\u2010angle x\u2010ray scattering (SAXS) further revealed tight hexagonal packing of TMVcp helical rods, which are aligned along the filament axis, indicating a highly ordered nanoscale organization. These results highlight the potential of virus\u2010like particles (VLPs) as model systems for elucidating and engineering the self\u2010assembly of hierarchical biomaterials, opening new avenues for the development of sustainable, tunable protein\u2010based materials for advanced applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:29:13Z","timestamp":1788420553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self\u2010Assembly of Hierarchically Structured Materials From Liquid Crystalline Mesophases of Tobacco Mosaic Virus\u2010Like Particles"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1637-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido M.","family":"Merino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry McGill University  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry McGill University  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy Szuchmacher","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry McGill University  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201800133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl101341w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc\u20102021\u20100191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201007487\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.10.615955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.04.463034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201022673\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010023\u201000133\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201001142\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10457"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b01932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c00709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2016.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biuz.19850150307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01493353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.25.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3952490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1937.0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1949.tb27296.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.452811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.19.1225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.473404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2FD20084H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20102836(72)90243\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022\u20101317\u201065\u20102\u2010253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.072603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1774153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio229037a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202300135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2017.13710"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-551-0_9","volume-title":"Amyloid Proteins: Methods and Protocols","author":"Morris K. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08374"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004\u2010024\u201001357\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.31.1.010902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"Optics","author":"Hecht E.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006\u20103495(89)82664\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Nanomaterials","author":"Farajollahi F.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8nr04142c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm062187k"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2018.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Amyloid Proteins: Methods and Protocols","author":"Makin O. S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201600416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010020\u20100731\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9527707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006\u20103495(03)75005\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577521002496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2004.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.41.10.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006\u20103495(98)77818\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12900\u2010016\u20100068\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030427","article-title":"Structural Insights into Plant Viruses Revealed by Small\u2010Angle X\u2010ray Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Shtykova E. V.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15421407308084657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1025719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl203368v"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c00535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202507076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201000697\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja063887t"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR04464G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c14348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la802089q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570\u2010020\u201002978\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889813003531"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75554","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.75554","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:29:15Z","timestamp":1788420555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.75554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.75554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.75554","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75554"}}