{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:17:00Z","timestamp":1788499020910,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA12410019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA12410019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The fast and efficient degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWA) is an unmet challenge due to the vulnerability of catalytic and biocatalytic reactions to various environmental conditions and their slow mass transfer conditions. While the phosphotriesterase (PTE) enzyme is highly efficient for CWA neutralization, its practical utility is greatly limited by its poor stability under variable environmental conditions. Furthermore, the efficiency of traditional PTE platforms relies solely on passive diffusion, resulting in slow mass transport and degradation kinetics. Here, we describe PTE\u2010encapsulated metal\u2010organic frameworks (MOF) particles immobilized on magnesium\u2010based microrobots (PTE@ZIF\u20108 Mg microrobots) for efficient motion\u2010based CWA degradation under harsh environmental conditions involving high temperatures and low pH. The encapsulation of PTE in zeolitic imidazolate framework\u20108 (ZIF\u20108) MOF particles greatly improve its thermal and pH stability toward the extended CWA neutralization under such extreme conditions. The PTE@ZIF\u20108 Mg microrobots display long\u2010lasting propulsion behavior in harsh aqueous environments and induce significant fluid mixing, thus substantially enhance CWA degradation efficacy. Dramatic improvements in the degradation efficiency of methyl paraoxon (DMNP) and ethyl paraoxon (DENP) are observed compared to their static counterparts. Our findings pave the way for next\u2010generation deployable enzyme\u2010functionalized microrobots capable of fast, efficient, and robust CWA degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:28:52Z","timestamp":1788496132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self\u2010Propelled Magnesium Microrobots With Enzyme\u2010Encapsulated Metal\u2010Organic Framework for Accelerated Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation in Harsh Environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Yi Fung Winsten","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanrui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1251-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenning","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majd","family":"Iskandarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering University of California  San Diego California 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