{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:09:08Z","timestamp":1789758548587,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are emerging as sustainable polymer matrices for gel\u2010polymer electrolytes; however, their ion\u2010transport properties are limited by surface\u2010chemistry\u2010derived interactions. In this work, we demonstrate that a single, time\u2010controlled APTES functionalization step provides an effective and scalable route to enhance the ionic transport characteristics of CNF\u2010based gel\u2013polymer electrolytes. The pristine and functionalized CNF membranes are imbibed with PF\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010based carbonate liquid electrolytes for both lithium (Li\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    )\u2010 and sodium (Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) systems. By optimizing the functionalization duration, the ionic conductivity increases from \u22480.07 to 0.60 mS cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (Li\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and from \u22480.1 to 2.02 mS cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), accompanied by an increased apparent cation transference number, while preserving the fibrous morphology, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. In LiFePO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    || Li half\u2010cells, the optimized A\u2010CNF electrolyte delivers stable rate capability and long\u2010term cycling beyond 1000 cycles, with reversible non\u2010monotonic capacity evolution associated with polarization relaxation, as supported by overpotential analysis and d\n                    <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/d\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    measurements. The A\u2010CNF electrolyte also enables efficient Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    transport in Na\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    || Na half\u2010cells, showing minimal capacity loss (&lt;5%) and narrow voltage hysteresis from 0.1C to 1C. These results establish single\u2010step APTES\u2010modified CNFs as a versatile and sustainable gel\u2013polymer electrolyte platform for both lithium\u2010 and sodium\u2010ion batteries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:36:22Z","timestamp":1789756582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["APTES Functionalized Cellulose Nanofiber Gel\u2010Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium and Sodium\u2010Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3418-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susithra","family":"Sureshkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology  Kharagpur West Bengal India"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria 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