{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:39:10Z","timestamp":1792723150369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"59","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010002","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OGE\u2010UAATUTS\u2010NTUST\u2010114\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OGE\u2010UAATUTS\u2010NTUST\u2010114\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC114\u20102221\u2010E\u2010038\u2010006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC114\u20102221\u2010E\u2010038\u2010006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bioactive gold plasmonic nanostructures are enabling non\u2010invasive saliva diagnostics by amplifying weak Raman signals and converting complex biofluid chemistry into information\u2010rich spectral fingerprints. This Review examines saliva\u2010based Raman and surface\u2010enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) from a bioactive\u2010materials perspective. Saliva is positioned as a cross\u2010disease liquid biopsy relevant to oncological, infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and pulmonary disorders. Particular emphasis is placed on how gold nanostructure geometry, substrate architecture, surface functionalization, antifouling strategies, affinity capture, and protein\u2010corona formation govern molecular access to electromagnetic hot spots, spectral reproducibility, and computational reliability. Case studies spanning oncology, infectious, inflammatory, and pulmonary disorders illustrate how substrate engineering and dataset construction jointly determine diagnostic performance and clinical portability. Because human studies combining saliva, gold\u2010enabled SERS, and AI remain limited, explicit inclusion criteria distinguish direct salivary evidence from contextual studies using related biospecimens. Clinically viable saliva\u2010based SERS diagnostics require coordinated co\u2010design of bioactive plasmonic interfaces and computational pipelines, together with standardized pre\u2010analytics, reproducible substrates, rigorous patient\u2010level validation, shared datasets, and independent multicenter evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1789378137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Gold Plasmonic Interfaces Meet Artificial Intelligence: Advancing Saliva\u2010Based Surface\u2010Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajitesh","family":"Dhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Elena","family":"Avi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery Taipei Medical University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Le Thanh","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology National Taiwan University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei\u2010Wen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Technology Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery Taipei Medical University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu\u2010Sen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dental Technology Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Biomedical Devices Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.100600"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010anchem\u2010061020\u2010123959"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2016.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20230009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.704963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238\u2010024\u201001513\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101827"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7406312"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112545"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.116745"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.2.027003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar050107x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369\u20107021(12)70017\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2812122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115796"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010021\u201000407\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.5c00785"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202200192"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604\u2010021\u201004964\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101133"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00961J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117990"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115779"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600802"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300209"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291\u2010011\u20100149\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612368113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52547\/jrds.18.2.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368\u2010022\u201000209\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1990.tb00809.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100757.2010.00361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.2005.01187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202400031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01490J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010025\u201006587\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470845767"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201022197\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.3.037003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198156"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.126298"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.1c06776"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201037403\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010009\u20102702\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.002251"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13437"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b920941g"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AN00729H"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010167"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.293.5537.2051"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01339"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","volume-title":"C4.5: Programs For Machine Learning, The Morgan Kaufmann Series In Machine Learning","author":"Quinlan J. R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979\u2010021\u201000592\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575\u2010024\u201000255\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.683580"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.113224"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6486"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00669"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.109884"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02409\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd\u201021\u2010202"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1844979"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202523921"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c09371"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010023\u201001890\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080562"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2025.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211014432"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44328\u2010024\u201000001\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117793"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342291"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75720","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.75720","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:10:29Z","timestamp":1792721429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.75720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"59","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.75720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.75720","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75720"}}