{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:54:43Z","timestamp":1790690083597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12374003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12374003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ruthenium dioxide (RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is widely considered as a leading non\u2010iridium candidate for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), owing to its high intrinsic activity and comparatively low cost. Its practical implementation, however, is fundamentally limited by a persistent activity\u2013stability trade\u2010off arising from the close coupling between oxygen evolution, lattice oxidation, and Ru dissolution under strongly acidic and oxidizing conditions. This review summarizes recent progress in RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based acidic OER catalysts from a mechanism\u2010centered perspective, with emphasis on how electronic structure, defect chemistry, lattice oxygen reactivity, and spin\u2010related effects collectively govern catalytic activity, reaction pathways, and degradation behavior. We further discuss how operando characterization has advanced understanding of dynamic active states and stability limits and highlight the emerging role of high\u2010throughput computation, machine learning, and active learning in accelerating catalyst discovery. By integrating mechanistic understanding, materials engineering, and data\u2010driven design, this review aims to outline a coherent framework for the development of highly active, durable, and scalable RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based catalysts for acidic water oxidation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:55:15Z","timestamp":1790686515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RuO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010Based Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution: Mechanistic Origins of the Activity\u2013Stability Trade\u2010Off and Pathways to Rational Design"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jinghan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering 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