{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:07:33Z","timestamp":1789657653544,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QD168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QD168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22275202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22275202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21875267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21875267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Carbon dots (CDs) are emerging zero\u2010dimensional carbon\u2010based nanomaterials with unique optical properties. Among them, near\u2010infrared carbon dots (NIR\u2010CDs), exhibiting absorption\/emission in the biological transparency window (650\u20101700\u00a0nm), have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, high spatial resolution, and low photo\u2010toxicity. In this review, we systematically summarize the development of NIR\u2010CDs including preparation methods, rational design and choice of precursors, optical characteristics and mechanisms, and multifunctional applications. A comprehensive and detailed methodological description encompassing the synthesis strategies, rational design, and precursor engineering of NIR\u2010CDs are provided. And then the optical properties of NIR\u2010CDs, including absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, nonlinear optical properties, and their mechanisms are further discussed and analyzed. Finally, recent advances in the multifunctional applications of NIR\u2010CDs are summarized, covering light\u2010emitting devices, fluorescence sensing, environmental, hydrogen energy, and biomedical fields. By consolidating current knowledge into a unified framework and identifying key challenges and opportunities, the review not only offers the most up\u2010to\u2010date and holistic perspective on NIR\u2010CDs but also serves as a guide to accelerate the translation of NIR\u2010CDs from laboratory research to practical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:37:06Z","timestamp":1789655826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Near\u2010Infrared Carbon Dots: From Precursors and Synthesis to Luminescence Mechanisms and Multifunctional Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Tongtong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Jinan  Jinan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinghao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Jinan  Jinan People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Center for Environment and Water Resource College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University  Changsha People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Jinan  Jinan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Jinan  Jinan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8260-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Jinan  Jinan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoguang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environment and Water Resource College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University  Changsha People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-01051-7","article-title":"A Multifunctional Chemical Toolbox to Engineer Carbon Dots for Biomedical and Energy Applications","volume":"17","author":"Dordevic L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12736","DOI":"10.1021\/ja040082h","article-title":"Electrophoretic Analysis and Purification of Fluorescent Single\u2010Walled Carbon Nanotube Fragments","volume":"126","author":"Xu X.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7756","DOI":"10.1021\/ja062677d","article-title":"Quantum\u2010Sized Carbon Dots for Bright and Colorful Photoluminescence","volume":"128","author":"Sun Y.\u2010P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2022.10.005","article-title":"Carbon Dots: Mysterious Past, Vibrant Present, and Expansive Future","volume":"5","author":"Wang B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.110618","article-title":"Review on near\u2010infrared Absorbing\/Emissive Carbon Dots: from Preparation to Multi\u2010functional Application","volume":"36","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chinese Chemical Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.217460","article-title":"Near\u2010infrared I\/II Fluorescent Carbon Dots: Tailoring Synthesis and Optical Properties for Biomedical Applications","volume":"551","author":"Du F. 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