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In this work, we designed a novel flexible composite electrode based on a poly(vinylidene fluoride\u2010hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF\u2010HFP) matrix blended with the ionic liquid 1\u2010ethyl\u20103\u2010methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM\u2010TFSI) and doped with graphene oxide (GO). The synergistic effect between EMIM\u2010TFSI and GO facilitates the conformational transformation of PVDF\u2010HFP toward a \u03b2\u2010phase\u2010dominated structure and establishes complementary ionic\u2010migration\/interfacial\u2010polarization and GO\u2010assisted local charge\u2010transfer\/polarization mechanisms for effective signal transmission across a broad frequency range. Cross\u2010scale DFT and FEM simulations elucidate synergistic ionic\u2010electronic transport dynamics and provide a framework for interpreting composite\u2010electrode electrical performance. The Ecoflex\/PDMS\u2010encapsulated TENG equipped with this flexible electrode generated an open\u2010circuit voltage of \u223c4\u00a0V and maintained electrical output after water immersion and during cycling under the tested conditions. Preliminary in vivo observations provided descriptive evidence of a short\u2010term local tissue response, and active TENG stimulation elicited measurable evoked CMAP responses, although the amplitudes were lower than those obtained with conventional electrical stimulation under the tested conditions. This work presents a proof\u2010of\u2010concept flexible bioelectronic interface for self\u2010powered peripheral nerve stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:35:11Z","timestamp":1789562111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Application of an EMIMTFSI\/GO@PVDF\u2010HFP Flexible Electrode for Triboelectric Nanogenerators"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Tianxiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yechen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences  Beijing 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