{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:06:03Z","timestamp":1790006763942,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515140066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515140066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sodium\u2010ion batteries (SIBs) are promising for large\u2010scale energy storage, yet their energy density is constrained by anode materials. Commercially mature hard carbon (HC) suffers from low capacity, initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and tap density, whereas high\u2010capacity alloy\u2010type anodes are subjected to severe volume change and poor reversibility. Herein, we propose an additive engineering strategy to directly upgrade commercial HC by integrating Sn\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    P\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    @C (TPA) through a mild wet\u2010mixing process. This process preserves the intrinsic sodium\u2010storage framework of HC while enabling homogeneous incorporation of the additive. In the HC\/TPA composite, TPA provides additional conversion\/alloying sodium\u2010storage contribution and improves tap density and electronic transport, whereas the HC matrix maintains structural continuity, buffers the volume variation of Sn\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    P\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and stabilizes interfacial evolution. HC\/TPA\u201030% delivers a reversible capacity of 457.0 mAh g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    with ICE of 87.9%, and retains a capacity \u223c64% higher than HC after 300 cycles at 500\u00a0mA g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . With tap density increased to 1.1\u00a0g cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    , its electrode\u2010level volumetric capacity is 212.5% higher than HC. Moreover, a 1.0 Ah pouch cell delivers cell\u2010level gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 135.7\u00a0Wh kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 206.9\u00a0Wh L\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , demonstrating the feasibility of a high\u2010capacity additive for upgrading commercial HC platforms toward high\u2010volumetric\u2010energy and long\u2010life SIBs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:41:30Z","timestamp":1790005290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sn\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    P\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    @C as a High\u2010Capacity Additive to Reinforce Hard Carbon Anodes for Practical High\u2010Performance Sodium\u2010Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6341-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feike","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boqiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingrui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Huameixingtai Technology Co., Ltd  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaolin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaolong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Dongguan University of Technology  Dongguan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2449-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2018.13","article-title":"A Cost and Resource Analysis of Sodium\u2010Ion Batteries","volume":"3","author":"Vaalma C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews 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