{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:11:48Z","timestamp":1790176308698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Direct methane conversion to liquid products under mild conditions remains a long\u2010standing challenge, often requiring expensive oxidants or external bias that hinder practical viability. Here, we report a bias\u2010free photovoltaic\u2010photoelectrochemical (PV\u2010PEC) tandem system that co\u2010upgrades methane and glycerol into formic acid at both electrodes under ambient conditions. The cathodic process employs oxidized carbon black to drive in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide, which in turn mediates methane oxidation via electro\u2010Fenton reactions in the presence of Fe\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The photoanodic process uses nanoporous BiVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    to oxidize glycerol with nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency toward a mixture of glycerol oxygenates. Coupling these reactions in a PV\u2010PEC configuration enables bias\u2010free operation at 1.7\u00a0mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    under standard solar illumination (Air Mass 1.5 Global, AM1.5G), yielding 2.87\u00a0mmol g\n                    <jats:sub>cat<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    formic acid from methane oxidation (with a total production rate of 7.99\u00a0\u00b5mol cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and achieving Faradaic efficiencies of 4.96% for the cathode and 28.5% for the anode. Life cycle assessment reveals over 66% reduction in carbon footprint compared to conventional syngas\u2010based processes. This work demonstrates the first bias\u2010free, full\u2010cell platform for simultaneous methane and glycerol upgrading, advancing sustainable chemical production and efficient biomass utilization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:56:43Z","timestamp":1790175403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unbiased Tandem System for Simultaneous Methane and Glycerol Upgrading to Formic Acid Under Ambient Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ho Kun","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Grainger College of Engineering University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomhui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Grainger College of Engineering University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel N.","family":"Gaines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songtao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Grainger College of Engineering University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J. A.","family":"Kenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1222-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Grainger College of Engineering University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory Grainger College of Engineering University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8349","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c08898","article-title":"Including Methane Emissions from Agricultural Ponds in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories","volume":"58","author":"Malerba M. 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