{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:02:02Z","timestamp":1790179322814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sulfur dioxide (SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is a critical pollutant associated with severe respiratory and cardiovascular effects, necessitating continuous monitoring in industrial and environmental settings. Existing analytical systems are accurate but bulky, expensive, and unsuitable for portable real\u2010time operation. Current metal\u2010oxide and 2D material\u2010based sensors still face challenges including limited selectivity, high operating temperatures, and slow sensing kinetics. This work aims to develop a highly selective SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sensor using nickel\u2010loaded SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    hybrid nanostructures integrated on interdigitated electrode platforms. Pristine MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoflowers were synthesized, hybridized with SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and loaded with controlled Ni concentrations to enhance electronic modulation and surface adsorption. The fabricated films were characterized using FESEM, EDS, Raman, XRD, and UV\u2010Vis and tested under dynamic gas exposure with real\u2010time resistance acquisition. The 4N\u2010SM\u20104 sample (4:1 SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    : MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    with 4% Ni) demonstrated the best sensing behavior, achieving a response of 1609% at 20\u00a0ppm with a response time of 38 s, recovery time of 18 s, and a selectivity coefficient of 7. The limit of detection and quantification were 0.144 and 0.604\u00a0ppm, respectively. Excellent stability was observed across varying humidity and during 40\u2010day continuous evaluation. The portable IDE\u2010based readout system enables practical real\u2010time deployment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:08:21Z","timestamp":1790176101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ni\u2010Loaded SnO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010MoS\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Heterostructure for Highly Selective and Low\u2010Temperature SO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Sensing With Real\u2010Time Device Integration"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8444-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikash Kumar","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourajit","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0680-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shorinjiryu","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Phogat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore  Indore Madhya Pradesh 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