{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:53:56Z","timestamp":1791287636337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPRO: 25\u201315484X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPRO: 25\u201315484X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Graphitic carbon nitride (g\u2010C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is a metal\u2010free semiconductor responsive to visible light that has attracted considerable interest as a photocatalyst in environmental and biomedical applications. Constructing photocatalysts as light\u2010driven microrobots allows simultaneous propulsion and catalytic activity, both driven by photoinduced charge separation. In addition, light\u2010driven systems can perform remote control of micro\/nanorobots (MNRs) and reduce their reliance on external chemical fuels. Thus, g\u2010C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    has been investigated as a functional material for microrobots, owing to its low cost, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. This review presents an overview of g\u2010C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based microrobots, including their fabrication strategies for different morphologies, such as tubular, sheet\u2010like, and spherical structures. It also discusses their propulsion mechanisms, including self\u2010diffusiophoresis, self\u2010electrophoresis, and bubble propulsion. Their applications in water purification, including the degradation of organic pollutants and the removal of heavy metals, are discussed, followed by biomedical uses such as antibacterial therapy and drug delivery. Finally, current challenges and prospects for the development of efficient and sustainable g\u2010C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based microrobots are outlined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:22:11Z","timestamp":1791285731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Graphitic Carbon Nitride\u2010Based Microrobots: Progress and Prospects in Environmental and Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5846-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Pumera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology  Brno Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Office of Research and Development Asia University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Nanorobots &amp; Multiscale Robotics Laboratory Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB \u2013 Technical University of Ostrava  Ostrava Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University  Seodaemun\u2010gu Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00249","article-title":"Photocatalytic Micro\/Nanomotors: From Construction to Applications","volume":"51","author":"Dong R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accounts of Chemical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0565","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0565","article-title":"Light\u2010Programmable g\u2010C3N4 Microrobots with Negative Photogravitaxis for Photocatalytic Antibiotic Degradation","volume":"8","author":"Yuan Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00641-2","article-title":"Materials Consideration for the Design, Fabrication and Operation of Microscale Robots","volume":"9","author":"Chen C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Materials"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202311462","article-title":"Roadmap for Clinical Translation of Mobile Microrobotics","volume":"36","author":"Bozuyuk U.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00483C","article-title":"Translational Nanorobotics Breaking through Biological Membranes","volume":"54","author":"Ressnerova A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemical Society Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00062","article-title":"Lighting up Micro\u2010\/Nanorobots with Fluorescence","volume":"123","author":"Yang M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemical Reviews"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808678","article-title":"Catalytic and Light\u2010Driven ZnO\/Pt Janus Nano\/Micromotors: Switching of Motion Mechanism via Interface Roughness and Defect Tailoring at the Nanoscale","volume":"29","author":"Pourrahimi A. 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