{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:01:58Z","timestamp":1790409718049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Achieving the simultaneous integration of thermal insulation, mechanical robustness, hydrophobicity, and intrinsic flame retardancy in bio\u2010based porous materials remains a major challenge. Here, we report a hierarchically engineered nanocomposite foam composed of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), and halloysite nanotubes (HNT), designed via a multiscale structure\u2013property approach. Incorporation of HNT (1\u201310 wt%) reinforces the fibrillar network and introduces a hierarchical macro\u2013mesoporous architecture, while AKD imparts durable hydrophobicity with water contact angles of 133\u2013154\u00b0. The foams exhibit low thermal conductivity (0.031\u20130.046\u00a0W m\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    K\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), high compressive modulus (\u223c1.1\u00a0MPa), and excellent deformability (\u223c80% strain). The materials display outstanding flame retardancy, with combustion velocities reduced by over an order of magnitude (\u223c6 to \u223c0.1\u00a0cm s\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and clear self\u2010extinguishing behavior. Thermal analysis reveals enhanced stability and increased char yield (\u223c45%), consistent with modified degradation pathways. Thermal cycling tests (10 cycles, 25\u00b0C\u201380\u00b0C) confirm structural stability with no pore collapse and negligible change in thermal conductivity (\u22642.2%). This multifunctionality arises from the synergy between halloysite\u2010induced barrier effects, hierarchical structural reinforcement, and controlled interfacial chemistry, providing a scalable route to sustainable, lightweight, and fire\u2010safe insulation materials without toxic additives.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:20:21Z","timestamp":1790407221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hierarchically Engineered Nanocellulose\u2010Halloysite Composite Foams for Integrated Thermal Insulation and Intrinsic Fire Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamilselvan","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys) Graz University of Technology  Graz Austria"},{"name":"BioMedTech  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Bra\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers of Maribor  Maribor Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3825-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandran","family":"Nagaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedTech  Graz Austria"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine Lung Research Cluster Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4840-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Harter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graz University of Technology Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7501-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Resul","family":"Fener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute for Frontier Materials on Earth and in Space Department of Aerogels and Highly Porous Materials  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Dennstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute for Frontier Materials on Earth and in Space Department of Digitally Integrated Microstructure and Mechanics  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Milow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute for Frontier Materials on Earth and in Space Department of Aerogels and Highly Porous Materials  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"University of Cologne (UoC) Department of Chemistry Institute of Inorganic and Materials Chemistry Nanostructured Cellular Materials  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4876-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathirvel","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute for Frontier Materials on Earth and in Space Department of Aerogels and Highly Porous Materials  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Hirn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graz University of Technology Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupert","family":"Kargl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys) Graz University of Technology  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9189-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin Stana","family":"Kleinscheck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys) Graz University of Technology  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-85617-663-7.00006-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800010-6.00003-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306942"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201704152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.113806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201073899\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202005569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA02807E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001839"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0421-7_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm100490s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am200475b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103884"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm9903428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816783-0.00003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c00573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.013"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"A Study Of The Effects Of Alkyl Ketene Dimer And Ketone On Paper Sizing And Friction Properties","volume":"57","author":"Karademir A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appita Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2025.106065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b01099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570\u2010016\u20100887\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f10090770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202102152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.2012.0600602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16172474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.07.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2011.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2025.113098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b00531"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201051130\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204\u2010019\u201000123\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2005.1678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3DT01908J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.06.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b04376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.06.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201011790\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666\u2010012\u20109878\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2014.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c02678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0262489320934263"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75920","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.75920","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:53:17Z","timestamp":1790409197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.75920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.75920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.75920","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75920"}}