{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1791951148878,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1237233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1237233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2212018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2212018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012236","name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XSQD\u2010202002004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSQD\u2010202002004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a major kinetic bottleneck limiting the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis, largely owing to the intrinsic scaling relationship among oxygen\u2010containing intermediates on conventional single active sites. Here, a Ru single\u2010atom\/Ni cluster interfacial catalyst supported on nitrogen\u2010doped carbon nanotubes (RuSA\u2010NiClu\/NCNT) is constructed through an ultrafast pulsed\u2010discharge strategy. Operando spectroscopic investigations combined with density functional theory calculations reveal a unique division\u2010of\u2010labor mechanism at the atomic\u2010cluster interface, where Ru single atoms facilitate hydroxyl activation, while neighboring Ni clusters promote O\u2500O coupling and oxygen evolution. The interfacial electronic interaction induces charge redistribution and generates a built\u2010in electric field, enabling directional oxygen spillover between adjacent active sites. This interfacial oxygen transfer pathway spatially decouples elementary OER steps, optimizes oxygen intermediate adsorption, and optimizes the adsorption energetics of oxygenated intermediates. Benefiting from the tailored interfacial electronic structure, RuSA\u2010NiClu\/NCNT achieves an overpotential of only 224\u00a0mV at 10\u00a0mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    with a Ru loading of 2.3 wt%. Moreover, the catalyst enables stable operation of an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) for over 500\u00a0h at 1 A cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This work establishes single\u2010atom\/cluster interfaces as a promising platform for regulating catalytic division of labor toward efficient and durable water electrolysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:35:02Z","timestamp":1790346902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interfacial Oxygen Spillover Between Ru Single\u2010Atom and Ni Cluster in Efficient Water Electrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9153-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kedi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-1499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panzhe","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4693-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-3063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"},{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Academy Beijing Institute of Technology  Jiaxing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b02712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201012627\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes14040085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929\u2010024\u201001238\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c18504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202505287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918\u2010022\u201000159\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00903E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2024.100334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929\u2010025\u201001476\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202509799"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2026.101657"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2026.101272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201608601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201800696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202506645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00629A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202407102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202200827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202517073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202523933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2752\u20105724\/ade39c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz4136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2025.100403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c09492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557\u2010025\u201001942\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202511007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202512466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202215406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NH00549B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ee00544b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201051871\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.5c00785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201046630\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202529149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/POM.2026.9140122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202312589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201057427\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201056412\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201023429\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201059079\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202512568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.72821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202520036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EE01387A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202510741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c01707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063870\u20109"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75951","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.75951","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.75951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:35:04Z","timestamp":1790346904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.75951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.75951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.75951","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e75951"}}