{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T08:47:30Z","timestamp":1791794850420,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22178339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22178339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sodium metal batteries hold great promise for energy storage applications, but are constrained by limited charge transfer kinetics and unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI). Here, we construct a montmorillonite\u2010based sustained\u2010release separator by confining  within interlayer galleries and integrating it onto a glass\u2010fiber separator. This interlayer\u2010confined reservoir provides a sustained local nitrate supply during cycling, continuously regulates the  solvation environment, and maintains anion\u2010participated interfacial reactions. The sustained\u2010release process induces the formation of a dense Li\/Na hybrid SEI enriched with LiF, , and  together with Na\u2010based inorganic species. DFT calculations indicate that representative Li\u2010containing phases exhibit lower  diffusion barriers than their Na\u2010based counterparts, facilitating interfacial ion transport and homogenizing Na deposition. As a result, the modified separator enables highly reversible  cycling for over 4000\u00a0h at 0.25\u00a0mA\u00a0\/0.25\u00a0mAh\u00a0. In full cells,  retains 83.7% capacity after 2300 cycles at 5\u00a0C, while high\u2010loading  cells maintain 91.5% capacity retention. This work highlights interlayer\u2010confined sustained release as an effective separator\u2010engineering strategy for programming solvation chemistry and constructing Li\/Na hybrid SEIs in sodium metal\u00a0batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T08:27:18Z","timestamp":1791793638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interlayer\u2010Confined LiNO3 Reservoir Enables the Formation of a Li\u2010Containing Hybrid SEI for Robust Sodium Metal Anodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jiaze","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei P. R. China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiman","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui University Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4251-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei P. R. China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Guangzhou P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2025.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MA00695E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201023368\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201000742\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b05174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2021.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202423090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA05793C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.227852","article-title":"An 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