{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:57:19Z","timestamp":1790528239570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52302092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22276051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22276051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8232046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8232046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023MS057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MS057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024MS059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MS059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Precisely tailoring the local microenvironment and interfacial electronic structure of electrocatalysts is crucial for achieving highly efficient and selective electrochemical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction reaction (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR). Herein, we propose a dual\u2010confinement strategy and successfully construct a composite nanoreactor consisting of carbon nanotube (CNT) shells housing nickel nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen\u2010doped carbon. In this orchestrated architecture, the CNT serves as a primary confinement framework that effectively enriches OH\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions, creating an alkaline local microenvironment conducive to suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction and stabilizing intermediates. The internal core\u2013shell units of nitrogen\u2010doped carbon and nickel nanoparticles function as a secondary confinement system, where metal\u2010carbon interactions and controlled N\u2010doping species synergistically optimize the interfacial charge distribution. This configuration enhances the \u03c0\u2010p orbital coupling between active sites and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    molecules, thereby facilitating CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    activation and conversion. Benefiting from the dual\u2010confinement effect with the synergistic regulation of the local microenvironment and electronic structure, the catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic activity and achieves a remarkable CO Faradaic efficiency of 99% at \u22121.0\u00a0V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. This work demonstrates that the design of multi\u2010level confined structures offers the potential for constructing highly efficient catalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.75992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:40:47Z","timestamp":1790527247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual\u2010Confinement Structure Design Enables Synergistic Modulation of Local Microenvironment and Electronic Structure for Enhanced CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Electroreduction to CO"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory of North China Electric Power University College of Environmental Science and Engineering North China Electric Power University  Beijing People's Republic of 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