{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1790686927270,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52473265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52473265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52473009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52473009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Deformable materials permit spatiotemporally precise on\u2010demand drug delivery via responsive morphological or structural changes, yet limited deformation mechanisms hinder their advancement. Herein, we present a photothermal\u2010triggered deformable system engineered through liquid metal (LM) dealloying, enabling controlled multi\u2010drug release and combined antibacterial therapy. This system features eutectic gallium\u2010indium (EGaIn) nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated within a polydopamine (PDA) coating, which confers stability and drug\u2010loading capacity to the LMNPs. Additionally, this PDA coating amplifies the photothermal response, critically facilitating the dealloying and structural reconfiguration of EGaIn LMNPs under near\u2010infrared (NIR) irradiation. The separation of In and Ga generates an In\u2010rich core and a gallium oxide shell aggregate, inducing expansion of LMNPs that ruptures the PDA coating to trigger payload release. The results demonstrate that photosensitizer (IR820) and antibiotics levofloxacin (Lev) loaded in this system achieve on\u2010demand release via this photothermal\u2010triggered dealloying process. This approach achieved 6.7\u2010log (99.99998%) reductions in\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli (E. coli)<\/jats:italic>\n                    burdens in vitro, and a \u223c5.6\u2010log (99.999%) decrease in bacterial load in an\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected superficial wound model, via combined photothermal, photodynamic, and chemotherapeutic effects. This work pioneers the integration of LM dealloying dynamics with controlled drug release, offering a transformative strategy for precision and multimodal therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:49:38Z","timestamp":1790686178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liquid Metal Dealloying Enables on\u2010Demand Drug Release and Combined Antibacterial Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jinxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luofeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5876-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) Northwestern Polytechnical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE) and School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) Henan University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202315086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010018\u20100019\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c03003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202402588"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114456"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1cs00074h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c04478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c00734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202304510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b07861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.11.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b12849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.7b00468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202311153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202304147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2024.100331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929\u2010021\u201000576\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201051648\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7cs00309a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645706.2017.1393437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115795"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202201956"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202424698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202102584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2022.08.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw6986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202425108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202509123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35068529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201030483\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2021.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201804838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7sc00057j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8nr08296k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202310539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202423496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201006082\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2025.101073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010026\u201068664\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202500382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c07278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202407934"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76013","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.76013","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:49:39Z","timestamp":1790686179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.76013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.76013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.76013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e76013"}}