{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:50:30Z","timestamp":1791467430841,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52503402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52503402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52402302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52402302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and limited plateau capacity hinder the enhancement of the energy density for hard carbon anodes. To address the above critical issue, this review focuses on chemically mediated engineering strategies for closed\u2010pore construction to promote electrochemical performance through microstructure customization of hard carbon at the molecular scale. Specifically, a clear structure\u2010property relationship linking microstructure to macroscopic electrochemical behavior is established. This reveals that ideal closed pores serve as the structural basis for efficient sodium storage via the \u201cpore\u2010filling\u201d mechanism while simultaneously suppressing irreversible sodium consumption. Significantly, three key chemically mediated closed\u2010pore strategies are highlighted: heteroatom doping, functional group guidance, and radical\u2010mediated modulation. Several closed\u2010pore parameters can be successfully optimized through the above approaches synergistically\n                    <jats:bold>;<\/jats:bold>\n                    hence, the plateau capacity, ICE, and rate performance can be comprehensively improved. In addition, the synergistic design of the closed\u2010pore structure is investigated to enhance the energy density of the battery. Finally, future research directions integrating in situ spectroscopy, multiscale simulations, and machine learning are further outlined, aiming at predictable design and controllable regulation of the closed pores, thereby facilitating the transition of advanced hard carbon anodes from laboratory research to practical application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:54:13Z","timestamp":1791464053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unlocking High\u2010Energy Sodium\u2010Ion Batteries via Chemically Engineered Closed Pores in Hard Carbon"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Chun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering Changsha University of Science and Technology  Changsha 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