{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:51:46Z","timestamp":1791121906466,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21805017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21805017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The growing demand for precise human motion monitoring has spurred the development of versatile flexible wearable sensors. However, the uncomplicated and rapid fabrication of such integrated sensors remains a formidable challenge, as achieving high performance is frequently accompanied by tedious manufacturing procedures and the severe trade\u2010off of isolating single properties. Herein, this study presents a well\u2010rounded hydrogel featuring an integrated dual\u2010conduction mechanism, composed of polyacrylamide (PAM), phytic acid (PA), and poly(3,4\u2010ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), successfully synthesized via a facile one\u2010pot strategy. The hydrogel exhibits an exceptional comprehensive performance equilibrium, delivering a superior combination of extreme stretchability (\u223c2134%), stable conductivity (5.3 S\/m), rapid\u2010response sensitivity (160 ms, a gauge factor of 12 at &gt;\u00a0600% strain), and long\u2010term fatigue durability. Practically, the hydrogel sensor can not only precisely monitor the macroscopic motion amplitudes of various human joints but also reliably capture subtle, continuous biomechanical signals, such as user\u2010specific handwriting patterns, Morse code tapping, and wireless wearable human\u2013machine interface. Consequently, this work establishes a highly competitive material paradigm for versatile wearable electronic skins, demonstrating immense potential in both macroscopic motion tracking and high\u2010fidelity micro\u2010signal recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:01:01Z","timestamp":1791118861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Semi\u2010Interpenetrating Network Hydrogel With Synergistic Ionic\u2010Electronic Dual\u2010Conduction for High\u2010Performance Wearable Sensing"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials and Chemistry &amp; Chemical Engineering Chengdu University of Technology  Chengdu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202370144","article-title":"Highly Oxidation\u2010Resistant and Self\u2010Healable MXene\u2010Based Hydrogels for Wearable Strain Sensor","volume":"33","author":"Chae A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202509122","article-title":"Ionic Hydrogel Sensors Toward Next\u2010Gen Personalized Healthcare","volume":"38","author":"Sun Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009442","article-title":"Green Tea Derivative Driven Smart Hydrogels With Desired Functions for Chronic Diabetic Wound Treatment","volume":"31","author":"Zhao X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202205326","article-title":"Hydrogel\u2010Based Flexible Electronics","volume":"35","author":"Hu L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404225","article-title":"A Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Transparent Bioadhesive Hydrogel as a Flexible Sensor for Enhanced Real\u2010Time Human Health Monitoring","volume":"36","author":"Roy A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202213485","article-title":"Recent Progress of Conductive Hydrogel Fibers for Flexible Electronics: Fabrications, Applications, and Perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Li W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202415151","article-title":"PEDOTs\u2010Based Conductive Hydrogels: Design, Fabrications, and Applications","volume":"37","author":"Li H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-01137-5","article-title":"High\u2010Performance PVA\u2010Based Hydrogels for Ultra\u2010Sensitive and Durable Flexible Sensors","volume":"8","author":"Han Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502286","article-title":"Supramolecular Self\u2010Assembled, Conductive, Mechanically Flexible MXene Cross\u2010Linked Polypyrrole Hydrogel for Wearable Energy Storage Applications","volume":"21","author":"Thiruchelvam P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.102124","article-title":"Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Hydrogels With On\u2010Demand Removability for Wearable Electronics","volume":"54","author":"Ding X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-01091-y","article-title":"Stretchable Graphene\u2013Hydrogel Interfaces For Wearable and Implantable Bioelectronics","volume":"7","author":"Lu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202316346","article-title":"Fully Polymeric Conductive Hydrogels With Low Hysteresis and High Toughness as Multi\u2010Responsive and Self\u2010Powered Wearable Sensors","volume":"34","author":"Wang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00173J","article-title":"Recent Advances in Conductive Hydrogels: Classifications, Properties, and Applications","volume":"52","author":"Zhu T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemical Society Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09003-5","article-title":"Pure PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels","volume":"10","author":"Lu B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp3192","article-title":"Conductive Hydrogels Put Electrons in Charge","volume":"384","author":"Gao D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.4c02850","article-title":"One\u2010Step Preparation of Highly Conductive Sandwich\u2010Structured Hydrogels for Multifunctional Sensors","volume":"37","author":"Jing X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemistry of Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120567","article-title":"Strong, Conductive, and Freezing\u2010Tolerant Polyacrylamide\/PEDOT:PSS\/Cellulose Nanofibrils Hydrogels for Wearable Strain Sensors","volume":"305","author":"Zhang M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202417978","article-title":"Phytic Acid\u2010Induced Gradient Hydrogels for Highly Sensitive and Broad Range Pressure Sensing","volume":"37","author":"Song L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22615","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA06408H","article-title":"A Highly Conductive Hydrogel Driven by Phytic Acid Towards a Wearable Sensor With Freezing and Dehydration Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Chemistry A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201900109","article-title":"Superhydrophilic Phytic\u2010Acid\u2010Doped Conductive Hydrogels as Metal\u2010Free and Binder\u2010Free Electrocatalysts for Efficient Water Oxidation","volume":"58","author":"Hu Q.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152276","article-title":"Phytic Acid Extracted Cellulose Nanocrystals for Designing Self\u2010Healing and Anti\u2010Freezing Hydrogels' Flexible Sensor","volume":"493","author":"Yang C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10785","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TC01821K","article-title":"Conductive Hydrogels for Bioelectronics: Molecular Structures, Design Principles, and Operation Mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Chemistry C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-025-01286-1","article-title":"Mechanically Robust Polyacrylamide\/Gelatin Ionic Hydrogels Reinforced by Sodium Alginate for Wearable Device Applications","volume":"8","author":"Cui D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123644","article-title":"High Toughness, High Stability and Low Hysteresis PVA\/HPMC\/PA\/SBMA\/ZnCl2 Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Flexible Electronics for Multifunctional Sensors and Supercapacitors","volume":"361","author":"Wang F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152971","article-title":"Stretchable, Adhesive and Self\u2010Healing Conductive Hydrogels Based on PEDOT:PSS\u2010Stabilized Liquid Metals for Human Motion Detection","volume":"494","author":"Zhao K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.5c00963","article-title":"Phytic Acid\u2010Enhanced Superstretched, Self\u2010Adhesive, Antifreeze Conductive Hydrogels for Motion Monitoring and Human\u2013Computer Interaction","volume":"7","author":"Li Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Applied Polymer Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5c00537","article-title":"Hydrogen Bonding Enhanced Polysaccharide\u2010Based Gels with Ultrahigh Stretchability and Unprecedented Crack Propagation Strain","volume":"58","author":"Zhao J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49239-4","article-title":"Rapidly Damping Hydrogels Engineered Through Molecular Friction","volume":"15","author":"Xu Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48745-9","article-title":"Spider\u2010Silk\u2010Inspired Strong and Tough Hydrogel Fibers With Anti\u2010Freezing and Water Retention Properties","volume":"15","author":"Wu S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10883","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c02583","article-title":"Robust and Environmentally Friendly MXene\u2010Based Electronic Skin Enabling the Three Essential Functions of Natural Skin: Perception, Protection, and Thermoregulation","volume":"24","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c06011","article-title":"MXene\u2010Coated Liquid Metal Elastomers: Permeable, Stretchable, 3D\u2010Printable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials for Electronic Skins","volume":"26","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c00498","article-title":"Intrinsically Stretchable Multilayer Film With Adjustable EMI Shielding and Multifunctionality for Wearable Electronics in Virtual and Augmented Reality","volume":"25","author":"Guo H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202409855","article-title":"Lignin Nanosphere\u2010Modified MXene Activated\u2010Rapid Gelation of Mechanically Robust, Environmental Adaptive, Highly Conductive Hydrogel for Wearable Sensors Application","volume":"34","author":"Zeng Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202401607","article-title":"A Semi\u2010Interpenetrating Poly(Ionic Liquid) Network\u2010Driven Low Hysteresis and Transparent Hydrogel as a Self\u2010Powered Multifunctional Sensor","volume":"34","author":"Han S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202316346","article-title":"Fully Polymeric Conductive Hydrogels With Low Hysteresis and High Toughness as Multi\u2010Responsive and Self\u2010Powered Wearable Sensors","volume":"34","author":"Wang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122633","article-title":"Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Sodium Alginate\u2010Based Conductive Hydrogels With in situ Formed Bimetallic Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks Towards Soft Electronics","volume":"346","author":"Li J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.02.066","article-title":"A Stimuli\u2010Responsive Hydrogel for Reversible Information Storage, Encryption and Decryption","volume":"662","author":"Xue Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid & Interface Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01311-2","article-title":"An Environment\u2010Tolerant Ion\u2010Conducting Double\u2010Network Composite Hydrogel for High\u2010Performance Flexible Electronic Devices","volume":"16","author":"Zhao W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano\u2010Micro Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20250673","article-title":"Multifunctional Integration of Hydrogel\u2010Based Sensors and Their Applications in Fire Early Warning Systems","volume":"63","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Polymer Science"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76122","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.76122","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:01:07Z","timestamp":1791118867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.76122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.76122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.76122","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e76122"}}