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RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emerges as a promising Ir\u2010free alternative attributed to relatively high reserves and optimal binding affinity for OER intermediates that overcomes the strong\u2010binding limitations of Ir\u2010based catalysts. However, the applications of RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in PEMWE are severely hindered by the inherent activity\u2013stability trade\u2010off and severe overoxidation\/leaching under harsh industrial operation. Against this background, various advanced electronic and geometric modulation approaches have been adopted to simultaneously enhance the activity and stability of RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to push forward its practical applications. In this review, we start with a comprehensive overview of the recently developed strategies for enhancing the activity and stability of RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in PEMWE. Then, the underlying mechanisms of each strategy in breaking the activity\u2013stability trade\u2010off of RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based electrocatalysts are systematically described. Finally, key challenges and forward\u2010looking optimization strategies are proposed. This review will deliver fundamental insights and rational guidelines for designing robust low\u2010cost RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based electrocatalysts toward scalable industrial PEMWE deployment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:29:52Z","timestamp":1791548992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breaking the Activity\u2013Stability Trade\u2010Off of RuO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010Based Electrocatalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer: Modulation Strategies and Mechanism Elucidation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering School of Physical Science and Technology Tiangong University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering School of Physical Science and Technology Tiangong University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengfei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Porous Metal Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wa","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering School of Physical Science and Technology Tiangong University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5879-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxiang","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering School of Physical Science and Technology Tiangong University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering Chemical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia  Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering School of Physical Science and Technology Tiangong University  Tianjin 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