{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:48:59Z","timestamp":1792136939762,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    High\u2010nickel ternary single\u2010crystal cathodes are promising for high\u2010energy\u2010density batteries in low\u2010altitude\u2010economy applications owing to their high specific capacity. However, surface residual lithium formation during storage substantially impairs their electrochemical performance. Herein, we investigate the formation mechanisms of surface residual lithium and the associated storage\u2010induced degradation of three single\u2010crystal compositions\u2014NCM613, NCM8866, and NCM9442\u2014under vacuum, humid air, argon, pure CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and ultrapure water. Potentiometric titration, x\u2010ray diffraction, x\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements were combined to elucidate the effects of storage environment and nickel content. The storage atmosphere plays a decisive role in residual\u2010lithium formation. CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and humid air markedly promote Li\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    formation, while increasing nickel content leads to higher surface residual lithium levels and more pronounced structural degradation. The accumulation of residual lithium is accompanied by near\u2010surface disorder and local layered\u2010to\u2010rock\u2010salt\u2010like reconstruction, together with changes in the surface oxygen and nickel chemical states. These alterations increase Li\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    transport impedance and electrode polarization, causing substantial losses in specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. In contrast, vacuum and inert\u2010gas atmospheres effectively suppress surface degradation and preserve electrochemical performance. These findings provide useful guidance for optimizing the storage and handling protocols of high\u2010nickel single\u2010crystal cathodes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:13:22Z","timestamp":1792134802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Storage\u2010Environment\u2010Dependent Surface Evolution and Electrochemical Degradation of High\u2010Nickel NCM Single\u2010Crystal Cathodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0377-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinquan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5114-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laifa","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"2550","article-title":"Development and Fabrication of High\u2010Energy and Long\u2010Endurance Li\u2010Ion Batteries for UAVs","volume":"13","author":"Gong W. 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