{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:51:24Z","timestamp":1791467484978,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52373049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52373049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Smart responsive chromic materials are attractive for displays, information encryption, and optical modulation because of their dynamically tunable optical properties. Viologen\u2010based materials are particularly appealing owing to their reversible redox activity and versatile color tunability, yet how local polymer microenvironments regulate counter\u2010ion accessibility and electrochromic kinetics remains insufficiently understood. Herein, we establish a molecular\u2010to\u2010polymer microenvironment\u2010engineering strategy by integrating polymerizable viologen derivatives bearing systematically varied alkyl and aromatic substituents into covalent polymers. At the molecular level, substituent electronic and steric characteristics regulate reduction thermodynamics, reduced\u2010state intermolecular association, and chromic response. Upon covalent integration, polymer confinement increases the local concentration of electroactive viologen units and facilitates charge utilization. More importantly, side\u2010chain\u2010dependent polymer microenvironments lead to contrasting electrochromic switching behaviors: flexible alkyl\u2010substituted PStMB exhibits faster switching, whereas rigid aromatic\/cyano\u2010containing PStZCN provides higher optical contrast but slower switching. These differences support a relative shallow\/deep ion\u2010trapping picture associated with different degrees of counter\u2010ion confinement, accessibility, and exchange behavior. The resulting polyviologens enable proof\u2010of\u2010concept demonstrations in electrochromic devices, inkless multicolor displays, and information encryption, while the established structure\u2010microenvironment relationship provides a microenvironment\u2010engineering strategy for tuning the stability\u2010kinetics balance in multimodal viologen chromic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:56:35Z","timestamp":1791464195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microenvironment Engineering of Polyviologens for Tunable Ion\u2010Trapping and Multimodal Chromic Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1996-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuteng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun People's Republic of China"},{"name":"School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun People's Republic of China"},{"name":"School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7660-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shifang","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun People's Republic of China"},{"name":"School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengchong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun People's Republic of China"},{"name":"School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202521289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.73257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202405164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202308848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202518950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtelec.2025.100152","article-title":"Recent Advances in Stimuli\u2010Responsive Materials for Intelligent Electronics","volume":"12","author":"Chen S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials Today 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