{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:54:46Z","timestamp":1791881686536,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["buctrc202007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["buctrc202007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As promising non\u2010iridium alternatives, RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based catalysts demonstrate superior acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, however, their poor stability in acidic electrolyte remains a critical bottleneck hindering their application in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Herein, we construct a RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based catalyst modified with Ru nanoparticles and grain boundaries (mG\u2010RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to simultaneously improve OER activity and stability. The resulting mG\u2010RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    catalyst demonstrates superior acidic OER performance, requiring only 171\u00a0mV overpotential to reach 10\u00a0mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    and showing stable operation over 650\u00a0h. Theoretical calculations combined with in situ spectral analysis reveal that Ru nanoparticles not only break the H\u2010bond network of water in the double\u2010layer structure but also overcome the limitations of the adsorbate evolution mechanism pathway through efficient OH* spillover, thereby simultaneously enhancing the activity and stability of mG\u2010RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Moreover, the grain boundaries increase oxygen vacancies in RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , thereby suppressing the lattice oxygen mechanism and improving structural stability. More importantly, mG\u2010RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    requires only 1.556\u00a0V to reach 1 A cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , while maintaining outstanding stability for over 500 h under this condition. This work elucidates the special OH* spillover mechanism in acidic OER, shedding light on the rational design of highly active, and stable RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based electrocatalysts for PEMWE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:32:03Z","timestamp":1791880323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Constructing Built\u2010in Hydroxyl Relay Through Ru\/RuO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Interfaces for Efficient PEM Water Electrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9908-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruyi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2652-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixia","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deao","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingrui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University  Xining P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4265-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic\u2010Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Design and Manufacturing for Hydrogen Energy Materials College of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing P. R. China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University  Xining P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202515456"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf9144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202102883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202412083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202411014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202407386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201054798\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211884"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2024.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202414579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202407394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843\u2010026\u20104318\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929\u2010025\u201001456\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh1718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565\u2010025\u201002030\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201038213\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201019212\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2023.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2022.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201062036\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201032581\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201053763\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201046815\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010022\u201001380\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201052471\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c12942"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201031468\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201046750\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c13656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202316903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202405641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c02779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201036380\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201035913\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c14529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202413653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202319462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202413657"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201048372\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202405798"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202503733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202409306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202409306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c01876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202420860"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201051871\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202411709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202411603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2023.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202413334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201049281\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201053905\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201041036\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202314049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202402018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202403388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c07777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201058570\u20103"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.76215","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:32:04Z","timestamp":1791880324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.76215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.76215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.76215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e76215"}}