{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:47:13Z","timestamp":1791884833692,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52275199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52335004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52335004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["525B2063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["525B2063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J230001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J230001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L248029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L248029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gastrointestinal fluid sampling plays a pivotal role in early detection of gastrointestinal diseases, yet conventional methods are invasive, uncomfortable, and susceptible to sample contamination. Here, we developed a self\u2010driven superlubricated capsule (GFSCap) that achieved autonomous gastric fluid sampling and sealing. A chemical\u2010fluidic\u2010mechanical cascade was implemented, in which dissolution of a trigger film opened the sampling pathway, while a mechanically precompressed collector facilitated fluid uptake. Subsequently, hydrogel swelling drove a piston to close the sampling channels and retain the collected sample. Furthermore, the capsule surface was modified with a superlubricated copolymer, which substantially reduced interfacial friction and cell adhesion. Under in vitro conditions, the GFSCap collected approximately 230\u00a0mg of simulated gastric fluid within 30\u00a0min, while the proof\u2010of\u2010concept in vivo experiment in an anesthetized pig yielded approximately 127\u00a0mg of native gastric fluid. Simulated esophageal retrieval experiments showed that the sealed capsule retained most of the collected sample. Additionally, DNA recovery remained above 93.8% after exposure to individual GFSCap material extracts and reached 98.7% after exposure to combined material extracts, supporting the compatibility of the GFSCap material system with representative downstream nucleic acid analysis. Overall, the GFSCap provided a self\u2010driven platform integrating gastric fluid sampling, sealing, lubrication, and controllable retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:07:01Z","timestamp":1791882421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Self\u2010Driven Superlubricated Capsule Enabled by a Chemical\u2010Fluidic\u2010Mechanical Cascade for Effective Gastric Fluid Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Keyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6253-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenze","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2055-9264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4373-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Organ Biofabrication and Regenerative Repair  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102024\u2010333227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010022\u201000726\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.70017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010025\u201006458\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1179582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277\u2010015\u20103903\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102036.2010.04573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Goosenberg E.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201049019\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201008202\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928\u2010025\u201001407\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea3309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202300810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00451D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA10986B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4055250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. B.Salem G.Aiche andL.Rubbert \u201cDesign of a Microbiota Sampling Capsule Using 3D\u2010Printed Bistable Mechanism \u201d in2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (IEEE 2018) 4868\u20134871 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513141.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp2758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2020.3043454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4070417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544\u2010026\u201000802\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12060613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2025.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201005989\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202400434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255\u2010023\u201000777\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249\u2010006\u20109073\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957\u20100233\/20\/1\/015803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249\u2010013\u20100244\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411914523404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249\u2010012\u20109980\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4002761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1578285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2024.45.12.20240645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876\u2010023\u201002696\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201036303\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544\u2010013\u20100001\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/FRICT.2025.9440926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma5019439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2010.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c00539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76221","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.76221","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:07:04Z","timestamp":1791882424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.76221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.76221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.76221","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e76221"}}