{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:45:16Z","timestamp":1791985516114,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025QL037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025QL037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recycled carbon fibres offer a promising sustainable route to functional composites, but their short length and disordered connectivity limit controlled electromagnetic and thermal transport. Here we use electrostatic flocking to construct vertically aligned rCF@Ti\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/NiFe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    arrays within a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix inspired by the hierarchical host\u2013symbiont of marine sponges. The aligned architecture redistributes conductive pathways and interfacial polarization, improving impedance matching while providing through\u2010plane heat transport channels. Compared with the randomly dispersed composite, the vertically aligned composite at the same loading ratio deepens the minimum reflection loss (RL\n                    <jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from \u221233.62 to \u221260.71 dB. The Effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) broadens increase from 3.91 to 7.82 GHz. In thermal\u2010transport comparison, vertical alignment raises the through\u2010plane thermal conductivity from 0.18 to 4.03 W m\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    K\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These results suggest that alignment control is an effective route to upcycle short recycled fibres into multifunctional polymer composites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:50:47Z","timestamp":1791982247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vertically Aligned Recycled Carbon Fibre\/MXene Composites for Impedance\u2010Regulated Microwave Absorption and Thermal Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3313-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunzhongze","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China  Ningbo China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7977-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130301","article-title":"A Review on New Methods of Recycling Waste Carbon fiber and Its Application in Construction and Industry","volume":"367","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-016-9028-7","article-title":"Composites Recycling Solutions for the Aviation Industry","volume":"60","author":"Wong K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science China Technological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Recovery of Carbon fiber from Carbon fiber Reinforced Polymer Waste via Pyrolysis","volume":"14","author":"Yatim N. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109560","article-title":"Recovery of Carbon fiber from Prepreg Using Nitric Acid and Evaluation of Recycled CFRP","volume":"231","author":"Hanaoka T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Composites Part B: Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6401","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216401","article-title":"Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: a Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers","volume":"14","author":"Butenegro A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2022.109824","article-title":"Upcycling of Carbon fiber\u2010reinforced Polymer Composites","volume":"231","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Composites Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2024.119834","article-title":"Multifunctional N\u2010doped MXene\/Ammonium Polyphosphate Reclaimed Carbon fiber Veil for Enhanced Electromagnetic Shielding, Flame Retardance, and Thermal Efficiency","volume":"232","author":"Hu Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4236\/ojcm.2020.104009","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Bio\u2010Based Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Hybrid\u2010Interlayer Ramie and Recycled Carbon Fibres","volume":"10","author":"Zhu C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Journal of Composite Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123785","article-title":"Development of High Performance Recycled Carbon Fibre Composites with an Advanced Hydrodynamic Fibre Alignment Process","volume":"278","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.174","article-title":"Mechanically Strong and Folding\u2010Endurance Ti3C2Tx MXene\/PBO Nanofiber Films for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Management","volume":"4","author":"Wang L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.05.030","article-title":"3D Ti3C2Tx MXene\/C Hybrid Foam\/Epoxy Nanocomposites with Superior Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances and Robust Mechanical Properties","volume":"123","author":"Wang L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2022.109717","article-title":"Improving through\u2010plane Thermal Conductivity of PDMS\u2010based Composites Using Highly Oriented Carbon Fibers Bridged by Al2O3 Particles","volume":"230","author":"Huang R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Composites Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202002595","article-title":"Hierarchical Carbon Fiber@MXene@MoS2 Core\u2010Sheath Synergistic Microstructure for Tunable and Efficient Microwave Absorption","volume":"30","author":"Wang J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112366","article-title":"Flexible, Large Area Preparable Phase Change PVA\/P(ILs\u2010AM)\/SSD Films for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Infrared Stealth","volume":"28","author":"Liang Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202519796","article-title":"Continuously Adjustable Impedance Gradient in Laminar Aerogels: Synergizing Matching and Multi\u2010Position Attenuation for Broadband Absorption","volume":"36","author":"Qin G.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c06115","article-title":"Effect of Surface Structure and Composition on the Electromagnetic Properties of Ti3C2Tx MXenes for Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption","volume":"124","author":"Zhang Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.11.036","article-title":"Construction of Compressible Polymer\/MXene Composite Foams for High\u2010performance Absorption\u2010dominated Electromagnetic Shielding with Ultra\u2010low Reflectivity","volume":"173","author":"Jia X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2023.118450","article-title":"Microscopic and Macroscopic Structural Strategies for Enhancing Microwave Absorption in MXene\u2010Based Composites","volume":"215","author":"Zhao Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202411573","article-title":"Multi\u2010Interfacial Heterostructure Design of Carbon Fiber\/Silicone Rubber\u2010Oriented Composites for Microwave Absorption and Thermal Management","volume":"34","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401733","article-title":"Bidirectional, Multilayer MXene\/Polyimide Aerogels for Ultra\u2010Broadband Microwave Absorption","volume":"36","author":"Wang X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.174440","article-title":"High Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Material Based on 3D Flower\u2010Liked MXene","volume":"989","author":"Zhu X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202301128","article-title":"Evaluation of MXene Ti3C2 Charge\u2013Discharge Behaviors as an Electrode Material for Intercalation Batteries","volume":"12","author":"Khalaj H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202528094","article-title":"Lightweight and Flexible Fabric Assembled by ANF\/GMWCNT Fibers for Broadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption","volume":"36","author":"Chen T.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.03.264","article-title":"Novel Solvothermal Preparation and Enhanced Microwave Absorption Properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene Modified by in Situ Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles","volume":"484","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Surface Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146319","article-title":"Multifunctional Ultralight Magnetic CNFs\/MXene\/Fe3O4 Nanodiscs Aerogel with Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance","volume":"475","author":"Wang X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC05150H","article-title":"Magnetic Enhanced High\u2010efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing MXene\/Fe3O4 Composite Absorbers at 2\u201340 GHz","volume":"11","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Chemistry C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202532108","article-title":"Ultralight Broadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Enabled by Interface\u2010Engineered Two\u2010Layered Periodic Carbon Fiber Fabrics","volume":"36","author":"Gao B.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2023.107998","article-title":"Recent Advances in Thermal\u2010conductive Insulating Polymer Composites with Various Fillers","volume":"178","author":"Chen Q.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08467","article-title":"Application\u2010Driven High\u2010Thermal\u2010Conductivity Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"18","author":"Lin Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2020.106099","article-title":"Enhanced Microwave Shielding Effectiveness and Suppressed Reflection of Chopped Carbon fiber Felt by Electrostatic Flocking of Carbon fiber","volume":"139","author":"Chen X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.156711","article-title":"Pie\u2010rolling\u2010inspired Construction of Vertical Carbon fiber High Thermal Conductivity Hybrid Networks","volume":"618","author":"Jiao T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Surface Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122550","article-title":"Through\u2010plane Assembly of Carbon Fibers into 3D Skeleton Achieving Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of a Thermal Interface Material","volume":"380","author":"Ma J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2024.110683","article-title":"Integrating High\u2010efficiency Thermal Channel Construction and Structural Wave Absorption Design within Vertically Oriented SiC\u2010coated Carbon Fibers\/Silicone Resin Composites","volume":"254","author":"Kong N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Composites Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Bioinspired Porous Ti2CTX\/Si3N4 Composites with Aligned Lamellar Structure for Efficient Microwave Absorption","volume":"5","author":"Xu H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soft Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2023.107990","article-title":"Interfacial Engineering of Hybrid MXene\u2010Ni\u2010CF Tri\u2010core\u2013shell Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and E\u2010heating Applications","volume":"178","author":"Hu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202110608","article-title":"Roles of MXene in Pressure Sensing: Preparation, Composite Structure Design, and Mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Lei D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201724","article-title":"Electrochemistry of Titanium Carbide MXenes in Supercapacitor","volume":"7","author":"Jiang T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-021-00279-0","article-title":"Electrostatic Self\u2010assembled NiFe2O4\/Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanocomposites for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption at Ultralow Loading Level","volume":"4","author":"Guo Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b02001","article-title":"High\u2010Thermal\u2010Stability and High\u2010Thermal\u2010Conductivity Ti3C2T X MXene\/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) Composites","volume":"3","author":"Liu R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2021.106417","article-title":"Ultrarobust MXene\u2010based Laminated Paper with Excellent Thermal Conductivity and Flame Retardancy","volume":"146","author":"Jiao E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112255","article-title":"Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: Structural Hierarchy from the Nanoscale to the Macroscale","volume":"309","author":"Aizenberg J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00040-06","article-title":"S.\u2010.A. M.:. Evolution, Ecology, and B. Potential","volume":"71","author":"Taylor M. W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"100030","volume-title":"GLPD\u2010assisted Construction of Porous, Nano\u2010worm\u2010like Dielectric\u2010magnetic Heterointerfaces for Electromagnetic Absorption","author":"Zhao W.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Heterointerface Engineering of Polymer\u2010based Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials","volume":"5","author":"Liu S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soft Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202511626","article-title":"Multidimensional Magnetic Coupling and Heterointerface Engineering in Layered Gradient Carbon Aerogel Architected by Anisotropic CoNi Chain for Exceptional Electromagnetic Wave Absorption","volume":"21","author":"Ming J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102151","article-title":"Lattice Compressive Strain\u2010controlled Electromagnetic Wave Absorption in TMDs by Plasma\u2010Assisted Rapid Annealing","volume":"8","author":"Wen J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matter"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.76262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.76262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:50:54Z","timestamp":1791982254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.76262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.76262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.76262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e76262"}}