{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:40:03Z","timestamp":1792359603508,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006196","name":"Oulun Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Inertial and viscoelastic microfluidics have emerged as strategies for high\u2010throughput particle handling in micro\u2010scale systems. However, these methods are predominantly constrained to micron\u2010sized particles due to the weak lift forces at the nanoscale. Nanoparticle focusing in microfluidic devices requires long channels and extreme pressures to have a practical output. This study presents oscillatory electro\u2010viscoelastic migration (Osc\u2010EVM), which overcomes these limitations, enabling the focusing of particles as small as 20\u00a0nm in conventional micron\u2010sized channels, achieving an unprecedented blockage ratio of 4 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    . We investigate the parameters driving particle focusing, including the interplay between focusing and diffusion, and determine the particle focusing limits on this system. The system's applicability was demonstrated by focusing extracellular vesicles (EVs) within a canonical 50\u00a0\u00b5m \u00d7 50\u00a0\u00b5m microfluidic channel, highlighting its potential for nanoscale biomedical applications. Additionally, we propose an electric field threshold as a novel mechanism for size\u2010based separation of nanoparticles. These findings present Osc\u2010EVM as a competent separation strategy for nanoscale particles and expand the applicability of microfluidic sorting in clinical and research contexts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.76311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T20:26:56Z","timestamp":1792355216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diffusion\u2010Limited Microfluidic Focusing: Oscillatory Electro\u2010Viscoelastic Migration of Nanoparticles and Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8387-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zikrullah","family":"B\u00f6l\u00fckkaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Networks Research Unit Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1403-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedamirhosein","family":"Abdorahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Networks Research Unit Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Kvantum Institute University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem","family":"Zhyvolozhnyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Networks Research Unit Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Samoylenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Networks Research Unit Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seppo","family":"Vainio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Networks Research Unit Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Kvantum Institute University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8359-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caglar","family":"Elbuken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Networks Research Unit Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Kvantum Institute University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Biomedicine Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.  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