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This condition often leads to condylar cartilage degeneration, significantly affecting patients' quality of life; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood, and effective treatments are still lacking. We utilized single\u2010nucleus RNA sequencing to analyze the condylar cartilage in an overloading mouse model. This approach enabled the identification of 11 distinct cell types within the condylar chondrocytes. Through the application of pseudotime trajectory Analysis and cellchat analyses, we identified the key gene Acvr1b and its associated signaling pathway, which are crucial for regulating the terminal differentiation of condylar chondrocytes. This study utilized single\u2010nucleus RNA sequencing and in vitro validation to investigate the role of Acvr1b in TMJ cartilage degeneration under overloading stress. Our findings reveal key pathways involved in chondrocyte differentiation, providing a theoretical basis for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smmd.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:55:57Z","timestamp":1753894557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mechanistic Insights Into Overloading\u2010Induced Terminal Differentiation of TMJ Condylar Cartilage at the Single Cell Level"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1677-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital Xiangya School of 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