{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:18:58Z","timestamp":1788427138067,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Smart Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as a typical class of two\u2010dimensional layered nanomaterials, have attracted extensive attention in biomedical fields due to their unique layered structure, tunable chemical composition, good biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, and efficient drug loading and controlled release capabilities. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the research on LDHs for biomedical applications, focusing on their potential in drug delivery, bioimaging, and other disease treatments. Studies demonstrate that LDHs function as efficient carriers for a range of bioactive molecules, including anticancer drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. Targeted and controlled release is enabled through mechanisms like pH responsiveness and ion exchange. Their favorable biodegradability and low cytotoxicity provide a safety basis for in vivo applications. Moreover, LDHs exhibit remarkable advantages in photothermal therapy, synergistic therapy, and the construction of multifunctional theranostic platforms. Despite significant progresses, challenges remain regarding long\u2010term biosafety, scalable fabrication, and clinical translation. In the future, through rational design and multifunctional integration, LDHs are expected to become key components in next\u2010generation intelligent nanotheranostic platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smo2.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:56:37Z","timestamp":1788425797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in research on layered double hydroxides for biomedical applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO<sub>2<\/sub> Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin University of Science and Technology  Harbin China"},{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0072-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO<sub>2<\/sub> Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin University of Science and Technology  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8544-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Leng","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6655-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4354-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4985-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanxiang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3504-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Engineering Qilu Institute of Technology  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jibin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11381","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01138J","volume":"50","author":"Huang H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01200-3","volume":"19","author":"Jijoe P. S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216437","volume":"529","author":"Bai S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202002863","volume":"11","author":"Yi H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114459","volume":"188","author":"Kim T.\u2010Hyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214973","volume":"478","author":"Wang C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.70015","volume":"8","author":"Mavvaji M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214666","volume":"469","author":"Sahoo D. P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703868","volume":"28","author":"Taviot\u2010Gu\u00e9ho C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(19)63284-5","volume":"40","author":"Huang L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114270","volume":"186","author":"Kankala R. K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136057","volume":"441","author":"Fang D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"602","volume":"55","author":"Biglari N.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.12.041","volume":"330","author":"Shirin V. K. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.01.066","volume":"186","author":"Allou N\u2019guadi B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202404828","volume":"34","author":"Wang B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02113J","volume":"13","author":"Xu H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123684","volume":"392","author":"Zhang G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306035","volume":"11","author":"Li L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.10.058","volume":"31","author":"Ladewig K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.181","volume":"201","author":"Ranjbar E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128385","volume":"256","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12342","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04280","volume":"15","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02547J","volume":"9","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216462","volume":"529","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2025.111606","volume":"37","author":"Cao X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174410","volume":"532","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501256","volume":"37","author":"Tan J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202304862","volume":"20","author":"Byun M. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11365","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01057","volume":"67","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202531699","volume":"36","author":"Yang L.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202400010","volume":"24","author":"Ma K.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-022-02226-5","volume":"4","author":"Zhang Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00564","volume":"3","author":"Xie W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700373","volume":"29","author":"Li B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16930","volume":"5","author":"Shi S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202523657","volume":"38","author":"Jia T.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","volume":"36","author":"Li T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Chim. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202215728","volume":"135","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume":"4","author":"Li Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Rep. Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00745-z","volume":"24","author":"Linke J. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","first-page":"375","volume":"27","author":"Hochstetter C.","year":"1842","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19420250115","volume":"25","author":"Feitknecht W.","year":"1942","journal-title":"Chim. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-020-00421-5","volume":"12","author":"Lu X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano\u2010Micro Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.18672","volume":"71","author":"Li Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2017.12.021","volume":"153","author":"Mishra G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-020-9933-4","volume":"64","author":"Li G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403791","volume":"11","author":"Bian Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10495","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c11818","volume":"18","author":"Tang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122847","volume":"382","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.15555","volume":"101","author":"Saha S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2018.10.018","volume":"26","author":"Bukhtiyarova M. V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1557\/s43580-021-00157-3","volume":"6","author":"Estrada\u2010Moreno J. C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"MRS Adv."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137220","volume":"446","author":"Guo X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202300509","volume":"19","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12209-016-2710-2","volume":"22","author":"Dong A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Tianjin Univ."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.201700125","volume":"3","author":"Pascu O.","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S455427","volume":"19","author":"Pang S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202522763","volume":"38","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209692","volume":"35","author":"Hu T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102844","volume":"65","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nano Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21795","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA05761J","volume":"5","author":"Staal L. B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405483","volume":"34","author":"Fang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.01.010","volume":"309","author":"Jobb\u00e1gy M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7168","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR01320H","volume":"7","author":"Zhao Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2020.25004","volume":"179","author":"Wang X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desal. Water Treat."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA06634K","volume":"3","author":"Qiao C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2022.106655","volume":"228","author":"Yadav D. K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2022.231887","volume":"544","author":"Chai L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2019.08.014","volume":"43","author":"Qin Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10285","volume":"143","author":"Wang W.","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206078","volume":"19","author":"Sun L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c05922","volume":"12","author":"Sheng X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03742","volume":"45","author":"Zheng S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14937","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c03881","volume":"14","author":"Yu T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2020.12.013","volume":"7","author":"Chi H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130723","volume":"447","author":"Sun Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.11.006","volume":"7","author":"Cui X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12036","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.6b02203","volume":"55","author":"Yu J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34185","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b05294","volume":"9","author":"Yan L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69725","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c16111","volume":"16","author":"Wang S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202514105","volume":"38","author":"Hu T.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120580","volume":"298","author":"Wang B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202520376","volume":"36","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118559","volume":"265","author":"Arif M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.5c04440","volume":"9","author":"Wu S.","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c05495","volume":"12","author":"Jia Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2024.124853","volume":"365","author":"Wu F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.4c02651","volume":"7","author":"Yang Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MH01217K","volume":"10","author":"Wu Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.159771","volume":"505","author":"Hu T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/cm803203x","volume":"21","author":"Gunawan P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403936","volume":"12","author":"Uddin M. B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.05.012","volume":"158","author":"Gabizon A. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1679","volume":"13","author":"Choi G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110140","volume":"127","author":"Wang A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2022.11.024","volume":"182","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-020-9933-4","volume":"64","author":"Li G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","first-page":"126","volume":"20","author":"Wang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c04797","volume":"22","author":"Li M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42972-2","volume":"14","author":"Guo Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.101788","volume":"49","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9700","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c02246","volume":"24","author":"Wang H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137310","volume":"446","author":"Guo Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202403373","volume":"14","author":"Si R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.02.008","volume":"195","author":"Li G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4427-y","volume":"15","author":"Yang X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c04523","volume":"147","author":"Wang C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2023.106949","volume":"239","author":"Xu R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00272-8","volume":"26","author":"Jo Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-5192-7","volume":"16","author":"Yang B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01719-9","volume":"20","author":"Wang H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211205","volume":"35","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2024.07.002","volume":"213","author":"Tang Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31106-9","volume":"13","author":"Shen W.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202425206","volume":"35","author":"Zhang S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148610","volume":"481","author":"Lu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202000112","volume":"2","author":"Sun L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Struct."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137747","volume":"448","author":"Ashrafizadeh M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.07.038","volume":"675","author":"Xing S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145414","volume":"473","author":"Li S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11082","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01964J","volume":"8","author":"Lu J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54916","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14147","volume":"12","author":"Wang L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.170750","volume":"526","author":"Wu H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.101782","volume":"49","author":"Wang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161341","volume":"509","author":"Gan T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202404475","volume":"20","author":"Cao M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02591-5","volume":"22","author":"Yang S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","first-page":"23003","volume":"16","author":"Mo M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404146","volume":"11","author":"Liu S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12036","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c02183","volume":"16","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206915","volume":"34","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.102284","volume":"15","author":"Wu Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8070","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16281","volume":"19","author":"Wu J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01565-9","volume":"20","author":"Lu Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123294","volume":"321","author":"Jia L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.75894","volume":"36","author":"Song K.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6138","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c20264","volume":"20","author":"Chen W.","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2023.06.023","volume":"68","author":"Wu J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2022.06.001","volume":"4","author":"Hu T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.114608","volume":"393","author":"Wang H.","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129458","volume":"419","author":"Wang S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123888","volume":"328","author":"Huang Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401064","volume":"11","author":"Zhu D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102463","volume":"35","author":"Wang X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202416690","volume":"37","author":"Li B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202422278","volume":"64","author":"Zhu K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20001117)39:22<4041::AID-ANIE4041>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"39","author":"Choy J. H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.02.093","volume":"184","author":"Weng Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144020","volume":"470","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100512","volume":"10","author":"Wu B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.08.033","volume":"532","author":"Deng F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.57004","volume":"11","author":"Brito B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NH00478J","volume":"8","author":"Liu J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NH00478J","volume":"8","author":"Zhang N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201702835","volume":"23","author":"Zuo H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eur J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147463","volume":"480","author":"Cui Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201902309","volume":"15","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2020.12.002","volume":"95","author":"Yun S. Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.09.032","volume":"12","author":"Hu K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00576-4","volume":"23","author":"Schwenck J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16930","volume":"5","author":"Shi S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC01288A","volume":"9","author":"Mei X.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202001343","volume":"16","author":"Jia T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202002115","volume":"16","author":"Liu J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.070","volume":"34","author":"Wang L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28065","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c02130","volume":"10","author":"Xu W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13637","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13265","volume":"19","author":"Zhu Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600761","volume":"5","author":"Kim H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2025.112504","volume":"301","author":"Lin Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202108653","volume":"34","author":"Chu X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56179-0","volume":"16","author":"Wang T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Smart Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smo2.70094","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smo2.70094","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smo2.70094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:56:57Z","timestamp":1788425817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smo2.70094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":172,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smo2.70094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smo2.70094","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2751-4587","2751-4595"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2751-4587","type":"print"},{"value":"2751-4595","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70094"}}