{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:57:28Z","timestamp":1777330648634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.55","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T10:10:29Z","timestamp":1432030229000},"page":"126-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vulvar Dermatoses: A Primer for the Sexual Medicine Clinician"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Kellogg Spadt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kusturiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.08.004","article-title":"Clinical care of vulvar pruritus, with emphasis on one common cause, lichen simplex chronicus","volume":"28","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-2011.2012.00175.x","article-title":"Recognition and management of vulvar dermatologic conditions: Lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, and lichen simplex chronicus","volume":"57","author":"Thorstensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e318240cc72","article-title":"Benign vulvar dermatoses","volume":"67","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2010.01352.x","article-title":"Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of vulvar pain","volume":"23","author":"Danby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00703.x","article-title":"The vulvar dermatoses","volume":"5","author":"Burrows","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.005","article-title":"Vulvar dermatosis","volume":"28","author":"Moyal-Barracco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.12.006","article-title":"EMAS clinical guide: Vulvar lichen sclerosus in peri and postmenopausal women","volume":"74","author":"Lopez-Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.017","article-title":"Influence of treatments on prognosis for vulvar lichen sclerosus: Facts and controversies","volume":"31","author":"Brodrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.709","article-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus: Effect of long-term topical application of a potent steroid on the course of the disease","volume":"140","author":"Renaud-Vilmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012","article-title":"Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions","volume":"68","author":"Nieuwenhof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus (review)","volume":"12","author":"Chi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Collab"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1851","article-title":"Circulating anti-BP180 NC16a and anti-BP230 autoantibodies in patients with genital lichen sclerosus do not correlate with disease activity and pruritus","volume":"94","author":"Patsatsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64924-3","article-title":"Monoclonal gamma T cell receptor rearrangement in vulvar sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"160","author":"Regauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.011","article-title":"A double blind randomized controlled trial of clobetasol vs. pimecrolimus in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus","volume":"64","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.07.006","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0085","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus biomarker discovery through whole genome expression profiling","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lower Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.02.019","article-title":"A double blind, randomized study evaluating topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% vs. topical tacrolimus 0.1% in patients with lichen sclerosus","volume":"17","author":"Funaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0095","article-title":"Randomized placebo controlled study of HCFL for vulvar lichen sclerosus","author":"Goldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181ea9386","article-title":"New surgical approach to lichen sclerosus of the vulva: The role of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells and platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration","volume":"126","author":"Casabona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.12.014","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva","volume":"109","author":"Liming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0110","first-page":"620","article-title":"UV-A1 phototherapy vs. clobetasol propionate 0.05% in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"150","author":"Torras","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09997.x","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus","volume":"163","author":"Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0120","first-page":"100","article-title":"A comparative clinical evaluation of once daily vs. alternate day application of topical clobetasol propionate cream in psoriasis","volume":"7","author":"Abidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0125","first-page":"422","article-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus: A comparison of the short-term topical application of clobetasol propionate 0.05% vs. mometasone furoate 0.1%","volume":"479","author":"Murina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Lower Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12910","article-title":"First randomized trial on clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: Results of efficacy and tolerability","volume":"171","author":"Virgili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.09.005","article-title":"Growing evidence for topical mometasone furoate in the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus","volume":"80","author":"Vigili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31820a3b6f","article-title":"Management of lichen sclerosus with triamcinolone ointment: Effectiveness in reduction of patient symptom scores","volume":"15","author":"LeFevre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182175a68","article-title":"The risk of squamous cell carcinoma in persistent vulvar ulcers","volume":"18","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0150","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Distinct pathways to development of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva","volume":"19","author":"Ueda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Skin Cancer"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.08.003","article-title":"Treatment of vulvovaginal lichen planus","volume":"28","author":"Mirowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2010.01355.x","article-title":"Vulval lichen sclerosus and lichen planus","volume":"23","author":"McPherson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.09.038","article-title":"Erosive vulval lichen planus\u2014A diagnosis not to be missed: A clinical review","volume":"171","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.005","article-title":"Vulvar dermatosis","volume":"28","author":"Moyal-Barracco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318258bf5b","article-title":"Management of vulvovaginal lichen planus: A new approach","volume":"17","author":"Bradford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31824f1427","article-title":"Surgical division of labial adhesions in vulvar lichen sclerosus and lichen planus","volume":"17","author":"Bradford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.08.023","article-title":"Surgical treatment of clitoral phimosis caused by lichen sclerosus","volume":"196","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gyencol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318252d347","article-title":"Postoperative sexual concerns and functioning in patients who underwent lysis of vulvovaginal adhesions","volume":"17","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lower Genital Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.05.026","article-title":"Topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of vulvar dermatoses","volume":"146","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0200","first-page":"321","article-title":"Non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva","volume":"77","author":"O'Connell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.08.006","article-title":"Contact dermatitis of the vulva","volume":"28","author":"Schlosser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e31829a3216","article-title":"Over-the-counter treatments and perineal hygiene in postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Erekson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curobgyn.2005.01.002","article-title":"Skin diseases affecting the vulva","volume":"15","author":"Salim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4","article-title":"Vulvar susceptibility to contact irritants and allergens: A review","volume":"272","author":"Farage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31828e499f","article-title":"Vulvar dermatitis from allergy to moist flushable wipes","volume":"18","author":"Foote","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000149","article-title":"Vulvar inflammatory dermatoses: An update and review","volume":"36","author":"Hoang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12034","article-title":"Female-specific pruritus from childhood to postmenopause: Clinical features, hormonal factors, and treatment considerations","volume":"26","author":"Rimoin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31824b9e5e","article-title":"Vulvar psoriasis in adults and children: A clinical audit of 194 cases and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Kapila","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lower Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0245","first-page":"541867","article-title":"Pruritus in females","author":"Lambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0372","article-title":"Vulvar pruritus and burning sensation in women with psoriasis","volume":"88","author":"Zamirska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-012-0015-5","article-title":"Inverse psoriasis involving genital skin folds: Successful therapy with dapsone","volume":"2","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0260","first-page":"125","article-title":"High prevalence of sexual dysfunction in a vulvovaginal specialty clinic","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0265","first-page":"15","article-title":"Sexual functioning after treatment for in situ vulvar cancer: Preliminary report","volume":"71","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2010.507890","article-title":"The effect of vulvar lichen sclerosus on quality of life and sexual functioning","volume":"31","author":"Van de Niewebhof","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4805","article-title":"The impact of lichen sclerosus on sexual dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Haefner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02077.x","article-title":"The treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus and female sexual dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Burrows","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/smrj.55_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.010959","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in female patients with neurodermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Enmertcan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Androl"}],"container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2050052115301116?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2050052115301116?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T19:36:11Z","timestamp":1672774571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2050052115301116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2050052115301116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smrj.55","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0521","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}}}