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Previous studies have demonstrated the modulation of macrophage polarization using different surface features; however, none of these studies reflect the effect of surface properties on unstimulated macrophage polarization for a prolonged period. To better understand the impact of surface features, in this work differentiated THP\u20101 cells are employed to control macrophage polarization on nano\u2010rough surfaces for a duration of 7\u2009days. Model nano\u2010rough substrates are fabricated by immobilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of predetermined sizes (16, 38, 68\u2009nm) on a 2\u2010methyl\u20102\u2010oxazoline thin film, followed by tailoring the outermost surface chemistry. All modified surfaces support high levels of cell adhesion and proliferation. Over time, the expression of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines decreases, whereas the expression of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines increases on all modified surfaces. Similarly, pro\u2010inflammatory interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 gene expression is downregulated, and anti\u2010inflammatory IL\u201010\u2010gene expression is upregulated, regardless of the surface roughness. Analysis of cell morphology reveals that the predominant cell type on the modified surfaces exhibits M2 anti\u2010inflammatory phenotype. Herein, how surface features can modulate macrophage responses over an extended period is highlighted, offering insights for the development of future biomaterial implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202300080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T21:09:30Z","timestamp":1691960970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Nano\u2010Roughness\u2010Mediated Macrophage Polarization for Desired Host Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4908-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panthihage Ruvini L.","family":"Dabare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA STEM University of South Australia  Mawson Lakes SA 5095 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1253-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Bachhuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electric, and Automatic Engineering Rovira I Virgili University (URV)  43007 Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing Yang","family":"Quek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA STEM University of South Australia  Mawson Lakes SA 5095 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5976-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lluis F.","family":"Marsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electric, and Automatic Engineering Rovira I Virgili University (URV)  43007 Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3089-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hayball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences University of South Australia  City East Campus Adelaide 5000 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3534-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krasimir","family":"Vasilev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniSA STEM University of South Australia  Mawson Lakes SA 5095 Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Sturt Road Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.06.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8095269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.143.3.837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.11.6213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"975","volume":"149","author":"McNally A. 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