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The present study investigates the acute response of murine microglial SIM\u2010A9 cells to single\u2010layer graphene, with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets included as comparative controls. Short\u2010term culture for 3 h on graphene\u2010coated substrates did not induce cytotoxicity but promoted inflammatory activation, reflected in increased release of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Raman spectroscopy revealed partial removal of the graphene layer, indicating phagocytic uptake by microglia. Supporting this mechanism, small carbon nanotubes elicited a similar inflammatory response, whereas larger graphene nanoplatelets, which are less readily internalized, did not. Potential contamination by bacterial endotoxin could be excluded using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibitor polymyxin B. Comparative proteomic analysis demonstrated that ingestible graphene alters pathways related to inflammation, cytoskeleton organization, and cell proliferation. These findings indicate that graphene can affect microglia through phagocytosis and highlight the importance of preventing delamination from biomedical devices to ensure safe use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:24:15Z","timestamp":1773159855000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Graphene Triggers Inflammation in Murine Microglia via Phagocytosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pratika","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Sciences and Microsystems Technology Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences  Zweibr\u00fccken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Subirana","family":"Slotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University 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